A call for the standardised reporting of factors affecting the exogenous loading of extracellular vesicles with therapeutic cargos

Rankin‐Turner, Stephanie; Vader, Pieter; O’Driscoll, Lorraine; Giebel, Bernd; Heaney, Liam M.; Davies, Owen G.

doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.012

Cited by 90 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…In addition, as endogenous cellular compartments, exosomes possess a wide range of cellular adhesion molecules facilitating their penetration through biological barriers. Despite promising results of exosome-mediated drug delivery in murine models, the translation of exosomes is challenged by massive production [ 38 ], purification [ 39 ], modification [ 40 ], drug loading [ 41 ] and storage [ 42 ]. Also, the heterogeneity between EV subpopulations greatly hindered the quality control for manufacturing and clinical translation [ 43 , 44 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial exosomes for translational nanomedicine

et al. 2021

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Exosomes are lipid bilayer membrane vesicles and are emerging as competent nanocarriers for drug delivery. The clinical translation of exosomes faces many challenges such as massive production, standard isolation, drug loading, stability and quality control. In recent years, artificial exosomes are emerging based on nanobiotechnology to overcome the limitations of natural exosomes. Major types of artificial exosomes include ‘nanovesicles (NVs)’, ‘exosome-mimetic (EM)’ and ‘hybrid exosomes (HEs)’, which are obtained by top-down, bottom-up and biohybrid strategies, respectively. Artificial exosomes are powerful alternatives to natural exosomes for drug delivery. Here, we outline recent advances in artificial exosomes through nanobiotechnology and discuss their strengths, limitations and future perspectives. The development of artificial exosomes holds great values for translational nanomedicine.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial exosomes for translational nanomedicine

et al. 2021

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“…All these studies demonstrate the promising applicability of EVs in blood, but they also highlight the multiple approaches that are being tested and the need for standardization. Before routine clinical application of EVs could be reached, aspects such as the cell of origin, EV production and isolation methods, possible EV loading or modifications, storage, administration, and dosing should be further investigated [ 173 , 174 , 175 ].…”

Section: Potential Applications Of Extracellular Vesicles Introduced In Circulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles in Blood: Sources, Effects, and Applications

Alberro

Iparraguirre

Fernandes

et al. 2021

IJMS

105

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important players for intercellular communication. EVs are secreted by almost all cell types; they can transfer information between nearby or distant cells, and they are highly abundant in body fluids. In this review, we describe the general characteristics of EVs, as well as isolation and characterization approaches. Then, we focus on one of the most relevant sources of EVs: the blood. Indeed, apart from EVs secreted by blood cells, EVs of diverse origins travel in the bloodstream. We present the numerous types of EVs that have been found in circulation. Besides, the implications of blood-derived EVs in both physiological and pathological processes are summarized, highlighting their potential as biomarkers for the diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and prognosis of several diseases, and also as indicators of physiological modifications. Finally, the applications of EVs introduced in the circulatory system are discussed. We describe the use of EVs from distinct origins, naturally produced or engineered, autologous, allogeneic, or even from different species and the effects they have when introduced in circulation. Therefore, the present work provides a comprehensive overview of the components, effects, and applications of EVs in blood.

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“…All these drug loading and release techniques are highly dependent on the quality, purity and characterization of the isolated exosomes, as well as the optimal conditions of their storage until use [357]; therefore, future studies are needed to control for these factors and thus ensure that an adequate therapeutic dose of exosomes is delivered to the target tissue.…”

Section: Methods Related To Drug Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes: Potential Disease Biomarkers and New Therapeutic Targets

et al. 2021

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Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by cells, both constitutively and after cell activation, and are present in different types of biological fluid. Exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, pregnancy disorders and cardiovascular diseases, and have emerged as potential non-invasive biomarkers for the detection, prognosis and therapeutics of a myriad of diseases. In this review, we describe recent advances related to the regulatory mechanisms of exosome biogenesis, release and molecular composition, as well as their role in health and disease, and their potential use as disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of their main isolation methods, characterization and cargo analysis, as well as the experimental methods used for exosome-mediated drug delivery, are discussed. Finally, we present potential perspectives for the use of exosomes in future clinical practice.

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A call for the standardised reporting of factors affecting the exogenous loading of extracellular vesicles with therapeutic cargos

Abstract: Graphical abstract

Cited by 90 publications

References 136 publications

Artificial exosomes for translational nanomedicine

Artificial exosomes for translational nanomedicine

Extracellular Vesicles in Blood: Sources, Effects, and Applications

Exosomes: Potential Disease Biomarkers and New Therapeutic Targets

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