A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Seropositivity to Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-I) in Jamaica

Human T‐lymphotropic virus‐I (HTLV‐I) causes adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). We postulated a higher disease risk for people with common human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types, due to a narrower immune response against viral or neoplastic antigens, compared to people with uncommon types. HLA class‐I (A,B) and class‐II (DRB1, DQB1) allele and haplotype frequencies in 56 ATL patients, 59 HAM/TSP patients and 190 population‐based, asymptomatic HTLV‐I‐infected carriers were compared by logistic regression overall (score test) and with odds ratios (ORs) for common types (prevalence >50% of asymptomatic carriers) and by prevalence quartile. HTLV‐I proviral load between asymptomatic carriers with common versus uncommon types was compared by t‐test. ATL differed from asymptomatic carriers in overall DQB1 allele and class‐I haplotype frequencies (p ≤≤ 0.04). ATL risk was increased significantly with common HLA‐B (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.19–4.25) and DRB1 (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.13–3.40) alleles. Higher prevalence HLA‐B alleles were associated with higher ATL risk (OR 1.14 per quartile, ptrend = 0.02). Asymptomatic carriers with common HLA‐B alleles had marginally higher HTLV‐I proviral load (p = 0.057). HAM/TSP risk did not differ consistently with common HLA types. Thus, ATL risk, but not HAM/TSP risk, was increased with higher prevalence HLA‐B alleles. Perhaps breadth of cellular immunity affects risk of this viral leukemia/lymphoma. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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“…14 The cases and asymptomatic carriers were unrelated and had similar age and geographic distributions.…”

Section: Study Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Risk of human T‐lymphotropic virus type I‐associated diseases in Jamaica with common HLA types

Goedert

Gao

et al. 2007

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…Similarly to other sexually transmitted infections, sexual transmission of HTLV-1 is associated with unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, lifetime contact with an HTLV-1-infected partner, the presence of genital sores or ulcers, and paying or receiving money for sex (65).…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past, this occurred mainly through the transfusion of blood not tested for HTLV-1. Most epidemiological studies of HTLV-1 reported transfusion as an important risk factor for HTLV-1 seropositivity (65). The highest risk is associated with the transfusion of packed red cells (92).…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Associated Diseases

Gonçalves

Proietti

Ribas³

et al. 2010

Clin Microbiol Rev

407

321

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SUMMARYHuman T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus to be discovered, is present in diverse regions of the world, where its infection is usually neglected in health care settings and by public health authorities. Since it is usually asymptomatic in the beginning of the infection and disease typically manifests later in life, silent transmission occurs, which is associated with sexual relations, breastfeeding, and blood transfusions. There are no prospects of vaccines, and screening of blood banks and in prenatal care settings is not universal. Therefore, its transmission is active in many areas such as parts of Africa, South and Central America, the Caribbean region, Asia, and Melanesia. It causes serious diseases in humans, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and an incapacitating neurological disease (HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis [HAM/TSP]) besides other afflictions such as uveitis, rheumatic syndromes, and predisposition to helminthic and bacterial infections, among others. These diseases are not curable as yet, and current treatments as well as new perspectives are discussed in the present review.

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“…Male-to-female transmission of HTLV-1 appears to be substantially more efficient (with a frequency of 60.8%) than the opposite route (with a frequency of 0.4%) (25), indicating that women are particularly at risk (25,34,35). This finding highlights the importance of developing strategies to prevent or reduce the sexual transmission of HTLV-1 and enable women to protect themselves by methods independent of, or in addition to, condom use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Candidate Polyanionic Microbicides Inhibit Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Receptor Interactions, Cell-Free Infection, and Cell-Cell Spread

Romer

Brighty

Robson

et al. 2009

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the cause of adult T-cell leukemia and inflammatory diseases including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. HTLV-1 can be transmitted through sexual contact, mother-to-child transmission, and exposure to contaminated blood. Microbicides are agents that interfere with microbial infectivity at mucous membranes, and candidates are under development for use against sexually transmitted viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1. We previously demonstrated that cell surface polyanionic heparan sulfate proteoglycans bind the HTLV-1 envelope glycoprotein surface subunit gp46, facilitating cell-cell and cell-free virus spread in vitro. We now show, using assays for Env-receptor binding inhibition, Env-induced cell-cell fusion, cell-cell virus spread, and pseudotype HTLV-1 infectivity, that the soluble polyanions PRO 2000 and dextran sulfate are potent inhibitors of HTLV-1 spread in vitro, with PRO 2000 being the more promising candidate. The results of these studies suggest that candidate topical microbicides may be of use in reducing HTLV-1 sexual transmission.

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A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Seropositivity to Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-I) in Jamaica

Abstract: These data confirm that heterosexual intercourse is a major route of HTLV-I transmission, but do not support suggestions of insect or environmental vectors.

Cited by 40 publications

References 19 publications

Risk of human T‐lymphotropic virus type I‐associated diseases in Jamaica with common HLA types

Risk of human T‐lymphotropic virus type I‐associated diseases in Jamaica with common HLA types

Epidemiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Associated Diseases

Candidate Polyanionic Microbicides Inhibit Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Receptor Interactions, Cell-Free Infection, and Cell-Cell Spread

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