A Case-Control Study of Salivary Redox Homeostasis in Hypertensive Children. Can Salivary Uric Acid be a Marker of Hypertension?

Abstract

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension; however, there are no data on salivary redox homeostasis and salivary gland function in children with hypertension. A total of 53 children with hypertension and age-and sex-matched controls were classified for the study. The antioxidant barrier and oxidative/nitrosative stress were evaluated in non-stimulated (NWS) and stimulated (SWS) whole saliva, plasma, and erythrocytes, with Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test used for statistical analysis. We demonstrated that the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase were significantly higher in NWS, SWS, and erythrocytes of children with hypertension, similar to oxidative damage in proteins (advanced glycation end products) and lipids (malondialdehyde) as well as nitrosative stress markers (peroxynitrite and nitrotyrosine). The level of uric acid (UA) was significantly higher in NWS, SWS, and plasma of children with hypertension. UA concentration in SWS correlated positively with systolic and diastolic blood pressure and UA content in plasma. This parameter differentiates children with hypertension from healthy controls (AUC = 0.98) with a high degree of sensitivity (94%) and specificity (94%). Stimulated salivary flow was significantly lower in the hypertension group, similar to total protein content and salivary amylase activity. In summary, childhood hypertension is associated with hyposalivation as well as disturbances in antioxidant defense and enhanced oxidative/nitrosative damage both in the plasma/erythrocytes as well as saliva. Salivary UA may be a potential biomarker of hypertension in children.

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Oral Health Status, Salivary Gland Function, and Oxidative Stress in the Saliva of Patients with Subacute Phase of Stroke: A Case-Control Study

“…The potential role of oxidative stress in salivary gland hypofunction may be indicated by a negative correlation between AGE, AOPP, LOOH content, and stimulated salivary flow. A similar relationship was observed in other oxidative stress-related systemic diseases, such as psoriasis [31], hypertension [18], and chronic kidney disease [64]. Interestingly, the content of protein and lipid oxidation products did not correlate with salivary flow in healthy individuals (data not shown).…”

“…Moreover, little is known about the diagnostic utility of salivary redox biomarkers. The results of current studies show the high diagnostic value of salivary redox parameters in the diagnosis of such conditions as chronic kidney disease [14][15][16], chronic heart failure [17], hypertension [18], obesity [19,20], Alzheimer's disease, and dementia [11,21,22]. Considering the increasing incidence of strokes, studies involving salivary redox homeostasis in these patients are necessary.…”

A Longitudinal Study of the Antioxidant Barrier and Oxidative Stress in Morbidly Obese Patients after Bariatric Surgery. Does the Metabolic Syndrome Affect the Redox Homeostasis of Obese People?

“…Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of redox biomarkers in the diagnosis of various systemic diseases [19,36,[63][64][65][66][67][68][69]. This is not surprising because oxidative stress plays a key role not only in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases/cancers but also many metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome [40].…”

Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio is Increased and Associated with Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Newly Diagnosed Essential Hypertension Children.

“…Hypertension was de ned as systolic and/or diastolic pressure ≥ 95th percentile for sex, age, and height according to the reference value of the Chinese Child Blood Pressure References Collaborative Group [14]. O ce Blood pressure was measured by an automated oscillometric device (Datascope Accutor Plus) with the appropriate size cuff that had been validated for use in children [15].…”