A Case Report of Monkeypox in a 4-Year-Old Boy from the DR Congo: Challenges of Diagnosis and Management

Eltvedt, Anna Korsgaard; Christiansen, Michael; Poulsen, Anja

doi:10.1155/2020/8572596

Cited by 32 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Monkeypox data from the DRC accounted for approximately one-third of the eligible articles [ 5 , 13 , 14 , 16 – 28 ]. The remaining articles had monkeypox data from the CAR [ 29 – 35 ], United States (US) [ 36 – 41 ], Nigeria [ 5 , 42 – 44 ], Republic of the Congo [ 15 , 45 – 47 ], Sierra Leone [ 42 , 48 , 49 ], Cameroon [ 5 , 50 ], Côte d’Ivoire [ 51 , 52 ], Gabon [ 53 , 54 ], United Kingdom (UK) [ 55 , 56 ], Israel [ 57 ], Liberia [ 42 ], Singapore [ 8 ], and South Sudan [formerly Sudan] [ 58 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review

Bunge¹,

Hoet²,

et al. 2022

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Monkeypox, a zoonotic disease caused by an orthopoxvirus, results in a smallpox-like disease in humans. Since monkeypox in humans was initially diagnosed in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), it has spread to other regions of Africa (primarily West and Central), and cases outside Africa have emerged in recent years. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature on how monkeypox epidemiology has evolved, with particular emphasis on the number of confirmed, probable, and/or possible cases, age at presentation, mortality, and geographical spread. The review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020208269). We identified 48 peer-reviewed articles and 18 grey literature sources for data extraction. The number of human monkeypox cases has been on the rise since the 1970s, with the most dramatic increases occurring in the DRC. The median age at presentation has increased from 4 (1970s) to 21 years (2010–2019). There was an overall case fatality rate of 8.7%, with a significant difference between clades—Central African 10.6% (95% CI: 8.4%– 13.3%) vs. West African 3.6% (95% CI: 1.7%– 6.8%). Since 2003, import- and travel-related spread outside of Africa has occasionally resulted in outbreaks. Interactions/activities with infected animals or individuals are risk behaviors associated with acquiring monkeypox. Our review shows an escalation of monkeypox cases, especially in the highly endemic DRC, a spread to other countries, and a growing median age from young children to young adults. These findings may be related to the cessation of smallpox vaccination, which provided some cross-protection against monkeypox, leading to increased human-to-human transmission. The appearance of outbreaks beyond Africa highlights the global relevance of the disease. Increased surveillance and detection of monkeypox cases are essential tools for understanding the continuously changing epidemiology of this resurging disease.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review

Bunge¹,

Hoet²,

et al. 2022

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“…The precise MPXV host reservoir species is not known, however it is thought to be small rodents like prairie dogs, squirrels, rabbits, and others, with primates (monkeys and humans) considered as accidental host (Table 1) [15]. Congenital infection may occur in Africa, but there is a lack of confirmatory studies (Figure 3) [66,79].…”

Section: Infection and Transmission Routesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human monkeypox disease (MPX)

2022

Infez Med

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timely intervention of potential transmission chains are necessary to contain further outbreaks. Measures should include rapid and accurate diagnosis of cases meeting case definitions, active surveillance efforts, and appropriate containment of confirmed cases. Governments and health policymakers must apply lessons learned from previous outbreaks and start taking active steps toward limiting the recent global spread of monkeypox. Herein, we discuss the status of the current monkeypox outbreaks worldwide, the epidemiological and public health situation at a global scale and what can be done to keep at bay its further expansion and future global implications.

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“…In the following two to five days, he experienced fever up to 38.5 ℃, and the rash began to spread to cover his entire body surface, including palms, foot soles, and mucous membranes, the latter resulting in severe and painful stomatitis. Although the patient received supportive care, the skin and oral features became progressively worse, and the child died on day 12 post admission [ 37 ]. In contrast, the first case of monkeypox outside Africa occurred in the United States in 2003: a 6-year-old girl was intubated and mechanically ventilated due to encephalitis, and a 10-year-old girl had tracheal airway damage secondary to cervical lymphadenopathy and a large retropharyngeal abscess.…”

Section: Clinical Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monkeypox virus: past and present

2022

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Background The objective of this paper is to analyze the current status of monkeypox worldwide. In the face of this public health threat, our purpose is to elucidate the clinical characteristics and epidemiology of monkeypox, the developmental progress of monkeypox-related drugs and the vaccines available. Data sources The literature review was performed in databases including PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar up to July 2022. Results Since May 2022, the World Health Organization has reported more than 45,000 confirmed cases from 92 nonendemic countries, including nine deaths. Although some women and children have been infected so far, most cases have occurred among men who have sex with other men, especially those with multiple sexual partners or anonymous sex. Conclusions Pediatric monkeypox infection has been associated with a higher likelihood of severe illness and mortality than in adults. Severe monkeypox illness in pediatrics often requires adjunctive antiviral therapy. It is crucial for all countries to establish sound monitoring and testing systems and be prepared with emergency preparedness.

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A Case Report of Monkeypox in a 4-Year-Old Boy from the DR Congo: Challenges of Diagnosis and Management

Cited by 32 publications

References 13 publications

The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review

The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—A potential threat? A systematic review

Human monkeypox disease (MPX)

Monkeypox virus: past and present

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