“…Besides, on-site monitoring can well reflect the dynamic changes in excavation engineering and the working state of surrounding rock and support (Kavvadas, 2005;Masini et al, 2021). Therefore, researchers have also strived to explain the accident mechanism based on on-site monitoring data such as surface deformation (Liu F. et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2022c), lining stress (Chen B. et al, 2022), water inflow (Liu et al, 2021;Liu J. et al, 2022), and microseismic signal (Cheng et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2019). Previous studies have provided valuable insights into the correlation between disasters and factors such as strata, groundwater, and support, particularly concerning deformation, stress, and strain (Liang et al, 2014;Chen L. et al, 2022;Feng et al, 2022;Li et al, 2023).…”