A Causality-Inspired Approach for Anomaly Detection in a Water Treatment Testbed

Abstract

Critical infrastructure, such as water treatment facilities, largely relies on the effective functioning of industrial control systems (ICSs). Due to the wide adoption of high-speed network and digital infrastructure technologies, these systems are now highly interconnected not only to corporate networks but also to the public Internet, mostly for remote control and monitoring purposes. Sophisticated cyber-attacks may take advantage the increased interconnectedness or other security gaps of an ICS and infiltrate the system with devastating consequences to the economy, national security, and even human life. Due to the paramount importance of detecting and isolating these attacks, we propose an unsupervised anomaly detection approach that employs causal inference to construct a robust anomaly score in two phases. First, minimal domain knowledge via causal models helps identify critical interdependencies in the system, while univariate models contribute to individually learn the normal behavior of the system’s components. In the final phase, we employ the extreme studentized deviate (ESD) on the computed score to detect attacks and to exclude any irrelevant sensor signals. Our approach is validated on the widely used Secure Water Treatment (SWaT) benchmark, and it exhibits the highest F1 score with zero false alarms, which is extremely important for real-world deployment.

Quantifying water effluent violations and enforcement impacts using causal AI

“…It enables policymakers to identify effective strategies and make informed decisions based on a deeper understanding of the underlying causal mechanisms. In water resource management, causal analysis has been used for different applications, such as the investigation of water quality (Zavareh et al, 2021), river salinity and the Ganges water agreement (Penny et al, 2020), anomaly detection in water treatment (Koutroulis et al, 2022), and understanding complex ecosystems (Sugihara et al, 2012).…”