A Cellular-Automaton Agent-Hybrid Model for Emergency Evacuation of People in Public Places

Abstract

The importance of public spaces in the Chinese population is growing along with China's social and economic development. As a result, the potential for human casualties and economic loss if the emergency evacuation of public space is not timely and effective is also increasing. How to evacuate people from public places quickly and safely is the focus of current research in the field. This paper explores the role of people and the evacuation environment as factors that influence emergency evacuations. Then, an evacuation model is established using cellular automata and agent-hybrid theory. Matlab software is used to simulate the evacuation process of people from a school building in the event of a natural disaster, verifying the effectiveness of the model. At the same time, the model provides ideas for the formulation of relevant evacuation schemes.INDEX TERMS Agent-hybrid, cellular automata, emergency evacuation, public places.

Students' evacuation behavior during an emergency at schools: A systematic literature review

“…The first group of the included studies in this research has contributed to how individuals' characteristics and their interactions impact evacuation time and speed [71,72]. Secondly, the effects of the built environment on students' evacuation behavior have been studied by several scholars [26,73]. Thirdly, the geometric features of schools and classroom layouts have been explored in combination with individuals' characteristics and their interactions [11,[74][75][76].…”

“…Simulation of a successful evacuation process of students from a middle school in Sichuan province during the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 has demonstrated that students on the school's second floor were more at risk of emergency due to congestion in corridors and staircases during evacuation. Similarly, the limited width of the classroom's doors was identified as the second reason for negatively affecting evacuation time and efficiency because of congestion at door gates [26]. Another study similarly simulated pupils' evacuation from a primary school during the Ludian earthquake in China in 2014.…”

“…Emergencies during school time, such as the Wenchuan earthquake in China in 2008, have resulted in the death or missing of 5000 students [24]. Although the majority of the students' casualties were caused by school structure failure [25], evidence proved that evacuation saved the lives of dozens of students in Sangzao middle school that experienced the Wenchuan earthquake [26]. Moreover, schools are highly populated, and emergencies can severely endanger students' safety.…”

5G Wireless Emergency Alerts Based on Image Code and Cell Clustering

“…where k = 0, 1, …, 1 − J , and * denotes the complex conjugate operator. In (7), [ ] i H k is defined as follows:…”

“…Then, the base stations broadcast the alert messages to all users in the cells using the CBS protocol. Therefore, the CBS belongs to a location-aware broadcast category [7], [8]. This is a distinct merit over the other alert delivery systems.…”