“…Similar typical peaks were observed from the spectra of untreated and ultrasonic-treated IDF, including peaks around 3,400, 2,917, and 1,030/cm for O-H, C-H, and C-O-C vibrations, respectively (Gupta, Saleh, Pathania, Rathore, & Sharma, 2015;Kumar et al, 2012;Ma & Mu, 2016a). It can be observed that the untreated IDF had a characteristic absorption peak at 1,603/cm, which would be more probably attributed to the aromatic C5C stretch of aromatic rings (Sun, Xu, Sun, Fowler, & Baird, 2005).…”