A centralized and heuristic approach for energy management of an AC microgrid

Home energy management systems and electric vehicles: challenges and opportunities

“…Future smart homes with RES and ESS capacity could go off-grid when necessary. In [19] a centralized management system of a microgrid composed by batteries, photovoltaic panels (PV) and a fuel cell system (FC) is presented. By means of this management system with a master-slave approach, continuity of supply is maintained while the different energy resources and electricity prices are considered.…”

MAS-Based Distributed Coordinated Control and Optimization in Microgrid and Microgrid Clusters: A Comprehensive Overview

“…1, is controlled by the microgrid central controller (MGCC) or the energy management system (EMS). A basic MG structure integrates RES [9,10], traditional generators, loads and energy storage systems (ESS) [11,12], thus forming a more flexible, self-sufficient and environmental friendly system than the individual DG units [13]. The RES, such as wind turbines or photovoltaic, through local controllers to send energy to the grid or communicate with the MGCC and energy management system (EMS).…”

A Load-Balance System Design of Microgrid Cluster Based on Hierarchical Petri Nets

“…Energy supply in this system is a balance between electric power provided by a power line and that obtained from domestic loads generated by user sources [5][6][7]. Supervision and control of energy flow is managed by a Microgrid Central Control(MGCC) [8][9][10], which manages the balance between energy consumption, the main supply, and energy from microgrid components [11][12][13][14].…”

“…The MGCC usually manages this automated solution flow, which does not always guarantee the efficient control of the phase shift effects between the main electrical current and the injected electrical current [30].The load-balance procedure based on the "coordinated load balance" offers a wide range of control features for current injection, working synchronously with the grid transformer [16], with frequency compensation between the grid phases and consumer units, along with phase compensation between the grids' electrical current and the electric current injected [31]. Ensuring robustness and load balancing, however, requires a complex central control and supervision structure with local (distributed) controllers with high-reliability algorithms [32] that ensure automated operational integration at all control and supervisory levels.Another method of load balance based on "integrated multimicrogrids control" is being widely used because of the large mix of micro-sources of energy to be applied for load-balancing [22,29,33], along with frequency and phase compensation in the grid and consumer units [34], also requiring a complex architecture with control and supervision algorithms that efficiently coordinate current injection and frequency and phase compensation in the LV grid [9,11,35], as well such as a large number of distributed generation units [36], which in fact means a great limitation for a large-scale implementation in developing countries [7,37]. An alternative to implementing the above-mentioned techniques is phase-load balancing, which consists of switching single-phase consumer units to the phases of the LV grid that are balanced.…”

“…Another method of load balance based on "integrated multimicrogrids control" is being widely used because of the large mix of micro-sources of energy to be applied for load-balancing [22,29,33], along with frequency and phase compensation in the grid and consumer units [34], also requiring a complex architecture with control and supervision algorithms that efficiently coordinate current injection and frequency and phase compensation in the LV grid [9,11,35], as well such as a large number of distributed generation units [36], which in fact means a great limitation for a large-scale implementation in developing countries [7,37]. An alternative to implementing the above-mentioned techniques is phase-load balancing, which consists of switching single-phase consumer units to the phases of the LV grid that are balanced.…”