A colorimetric serum glucose determination using hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Carroll, J. J.; Smith, Nancy; Babson, Arthur L.

doi:10.1016/0006-2944(70)90093-1

Cited by 146 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…However, use of a cut point derived from our own cohort would have inflated its utility compared with 2-h OGTT. An additional limitation might be attributed to the use of two different approaches for measurement of glucose levels, although the glucose oxidase and hexokinase methods have been shown to deliver well-correlated results (44). The generalizability of our results beyond white men may be limited, but there is no evidence to suggest sex-or race-related differences in the prognostic ability of 1-h versus 2-h OGTT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Enhanced Predictive Capability of a 1-Hour Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: A Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study

et al. 2017

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OBJECTIVETo examine whether the 1-h blood glucose measurement would be a more suitable screening tool for assessing the risk of diabetes and its complications than the 2-h measurement. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe conducted a prospective population-based cohort study of 4,867 men, randomly selected from prespecified birth cohorts between 1921 and 1949, who underwent an oral glucose tolerance test with blood glucose measurements at 0, 1, and 2 h. Subjects were followed for up to 39 years, with registry-based recording of events. Discriminative abilities of elevated 1-h ( ‡8.6 mmol/L) versus 2-h ( ‡7.8 mmol/L) glucose for predicting incident type 2 diabetes, vascular complications, and mortality were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis, Cox proportional hazards regression, and net reclassification improvement. ), 636 (13%) developed type 2 diabetes. Elevated 1-h glucose was associated with incident diabetes (hazard ratio 3.40 [95% CI 2.90-3.98], P < 0.001) and provided better risk assessment than impaired glucose tolerance (Harrell concordance index 0.637 vs. 0.511, P < 0.001). Addition of a 1-h measurement in subjects stratified by fasting glucose provided greater net reclassification improvement than the addition of a 2-h measurement (0.214 vs. 0.016, respectively). Finally, the 1-h glucose was significantly associated with vascular complications and mortality. RESULTS Median age was 48 years (interquartile range [IQR] 48-49). During follow-up (median 33 years CONCLUSIONSThe 1-h blood glucose level is a stronger predictor of future type 2 diabetes than the 2-h level and is associated with diabetes complications and mortality.Type 2 diabetes is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and represents a major burden on health care systems worldwide (1,2). Several randomized clinical trials provide evidence that type 2 diabetes can be prevented or at least postponed with lifestyle modification and drug therapy, which makes identifying high-risk individuals particularly important (3-6). Traditionally, prediabetes has been defined as impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) during a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and interventional studies thus far have predominantly included subjects with IGT (7,8). However, not all subjects with prediabetes develop type 2

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Enhanced Predictive Capability of a 1-Hour Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: A Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study

et al. 2017

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“…It was noted that medium from hypoxic cultures of several cell lines contained a compound which chemically reduced the tetrazolium dye which was used as the final coupled reaction in a colorimetric glucose assay (Carroll et al, 1970 (Jacobson, 1981), 64% in NHIK 3025 cells (Petterson et al, 1986), 40% in EMT6/SF cells (Shrieve et al, 1983) (Pain et al, 1980). However, fresh medium was placed over the cultures immediately prior to initiation of hypoxia.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced synthesis of stress proteins caused by hypoxia and relation to altered cell growth and metabolism

Heacock

Sutherland²

1990

Br J Cancer

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Summary Cultured cells maintained in very low oxygen levels alter their structure, metabolism and genetic expression. Culture conditions for cells were modified to minimise variation of nutrients and to allow normal survival levels after 24 h of hypoxic exposure. Under these hypoxic conditions, glucose consumption and lactate production rates were similar to aerobic rates until about 12 h after which the hypoxic rates increased. DNA and protein synthesis rates are continuously inhibited to about 48% or 55% of the respective aerobic rates. During this period of decreased protein synthesis, a set of proteins termed oxygen regulated proteins (ORPs), exhibits enhanced relative synthesis. The molecular weights of the five major ORPs are approximately 260, 150, 100, 80 and 33 kDa. While increased relative synthesis of oxygen regulated proteins is partly due to increased levels of mRNA which encode these proteins, the mechanism of enhanced synthesis of ORPs may be more complex.Hypoxia and related pathophysiologic environmental and cellular metabolic changes can be determining factors for the effectiveness of treatment of tumours using radiation therapy (Hall, 1978), hyperthermia (Gerweck et al., 1979) or chemotherapy (Teicher et al., 1981). Cells are resistant to irradiation virtually immediately upon introduction of severe hypoxia and are sensitised quickly after oxygen addition (Michael et al., 1973). Slower responses to hypoxia include increased hyperthermia and adriamycin resistance (Li & Shrieve, 1982;Smith et al., 1980).The most notable metabolic change during hypoxia is the increased rate of glucose consumption. Enhanced synthesis of selected proteins after hypoxia has been reported in plants (Guttman et al., 1980) and mammalian cell lines (Sciandra et al., 1984;Heacock & Sutherland, 1986). These stress proteins have been termed oxygen regulated proteins (ORPs) to denote proteins whose synthesis is enhanced during hypoxia and repressed after addition of oxygen. ORPs may be very similar to proteins synthesised after prolonged glucose deprivation (Sciandra et al., 1984). To understand the molecular basis of resistance to various treatments and rationally plan therapeutic treatments, the basic biochemical events occurring during hypoxia must be studied. (Chen, 1977). Additionally, rodent cell lines were free of human cell contamination by lactate dehydrogenase isozyme determination (Dietz & Lubrano, 1967).Experimental cultures were initiated 20-24 hours before each experiment, except where noted, such that approximately 106 cells existed per 100 mm diameter glass Petri dish. When dishes of differing size were used, the number of cells and volume of medium was changed proportionally to the measured surface area. Loosely attached and floating cells were removed by pipetting off the growth medium and BME rinse. Attached cells were removed by 5-O min incubation at 37'C with 5 ml of 0.1% trypsin (Worthington). Trypsin was inactivated by addition of 5 ml of growth medium before determination of cell number and cell vol...

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“…Moreover, blood samples were obtained after ≥10 h overnight fasting for measurement of BG, plasma insulin, serum lipids, and serum creatinine. BG was analyzed by the glucoseoxidase method (1974 -1977) or the hexokinase method (1977 -1992) (11). The serum samples were analyzed using the laboratory's standard methods.…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Follow-up duration influences the relative importance of OGTT and optimal timing of glucose measurements for predicting future type 2 diabetes

Nielsen

Pareek

Léosdottír

et al. 2016

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: To examine the impact of follow-up duration on the incremental prognostic yield of a baseline oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for predicting type 2 diabetes and to assess the discrimination ability of blood glucose (BG) obtained at different time points during OGTT. Design: A prospective, population-based cohort study (Malmö Preventive Project) with inclusion of subjects from 1974 to 1992. Methods: A total of 5256 men without diabetes, who had BG measured at 0, 20, 40, 60, 90, and 120 min during OGTT (30 g/m 2 glucose), were followed for 30 years. Incident type 2 diabetes was recorded using registries. The performance of OGTT added to a clinical prediction model (age, body mass index (BMI), diastolic blood pressure, fasting BG, triglycerides, and family history of diabetes) was assessed using Harrell's concordance index (C-index) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). Results: Median age was 48 years, mean BMI 24.9 kg/m 2 , and mean fasting BG 4.7 mmol/L. Models with added post-load BG performed better than the clinical model (C-index: P = 0.08 for BG at 120 min at 5 years, otherwise P ≤ 0.045; IDI: P ≥ 0.06 for BG at 60 and 90 min at 5 years, otherwise P ≤ 0.01). With a longer follow-up duration, C-index decreased, and the C-index increase associated with OGTT was attenuated. Models including BG at 60 or 90 min performed significantly better than the model with BG at 120 min, evident beyond follow-up of 10 and 5 years, respectively. Conclusions: OGTT provided incremental prognostic yield for type 2 diabetes prediction. BG measured at 60 or 90 min provided better discrimination than BG at 120 min.

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A colorimetric serum glucose determination using hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Cited by 146 publications

References 5 publications

Enhanced Predictive Capability of a 1-Hour Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: A Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study

Enhanced Predictive Capability of a 1-Hour Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: A Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study

Enhanced synthesis of stress proteins caused by hypoxia and relation to altered cell growth and metabolism

Follow-up duration influences the relative importance of OGTT and optimal timing of glucose measurements for predicting future type 2 diabetes

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