A combined cooling solution for high heat density data centers using multi-stage heat pipe loops

Tian, Hao; He, Zhiguang; Li, Zhen

doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.03.002

Cited by 67 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Heat pipe system can be further classified into the independent system and the integrated system. The independent heat pipe systems [4]- [9] cool data centers using heat pipe and need additional support of vapor compression systems when the ambient temperature is very high.…”

Section: A N U S C R I P Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis on energy efficiency of an integrated heat pipe system in data centers

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2015

Applied Thermal Engineering

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Section: A N U S C R I P Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis on energy efficiency of an integrated heat pipe system in data centers

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2015

Applied Thermal Engineering

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“…For energy conservation of ACS, there are four main considerations: (1) appropriate cooling strategy [15]; (2) good layout design and air flow distribution for computer rooms [16,17]; (3) economizer cycles [18,19]; and (4) simulation-based control [20]. In addition to these, the use of heat pipes [5,[21][22][23] and free-cooling [24][25][26] in data centers was also attempted. All of the above-mentioned methods involved the optimization of the method or improvement of a specific technology in existing energy systems; however, they did not address configuration optimization in the system planning and design.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Configuration Optimization Model for Data-Center-Park-Integrated Energy Systems under Economic, Reliability, and Environmental Considerations

Liu

et al. 2020

Energies

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The analysis of energy configuration in the planning of data-center-park-integrated energy systems (DCP-IESs) has become an enormous challenge, owing to multi-energy complementarity, energy cascade use, and energy security. In this study, a configuration model of DCP-IESs was established to obtain the economic and low-carbon energy uses of the data centers, based on mixed integer linear programming. In the model, carbon emissions were converted to economic indicators through carbon pricing. Then, the configuration model was modified according to the security of the proposed device switching logic, and the Markov-based reliability estimation method was used to ensure the redundant design of the configuration. Using the new energy configuration method, the DCP-IES configuration scheme could be obtained under economical, low-carbon, and high reliability conditions. A data center park in Shanghai was selected as a case study, and the results are as follows: it will only take 2.88 years for the economics of DCP-IES to reach those of traditional data center energy systems. Additionally, the use of configuration model in DCP-IES would result in a reduction in annual carbon emissions of 39,323 tons, with a power usage effectiveness of 1.388, whereas an increase in reliability results in an increasingly faster increase in the initial investment cost.

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“…The air conditioning systems of DCs run continuously for 8760 h throughout the year, which results in a huge energy consumption [4,5]. Due to the low outdoor environment temperatures in the transition season and winter, the natural cold energy can be fully utilized to reduce the cooling system energy consumption [6]. Therefore, using natural cold energy efficiently has great significance on the research of DCs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Performance and Energy Saving Analysis of Indoor Air–Water Heat Exchanger Based on Micro Heat Pipe Array for Data Center

et al. 2020

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According to the temperature regulations and high energy consumption of air conditioning (AC) system in data centers (DCs), natural cold energy becomes the focus of energy saving in data center in winter and transition season. A new type of air–water heat exchanger (AWHE) for the indoor side of DCs was designed to use natural cold energy in order to reduce the power consumption of AC. The AWHE applied micro-heat pipe arrays (MHPAs) with serrated fins on its surface to enhance heat transfer. The performance of MHPA-AWHE for different inlet water temperatures, water and air flow rates was investigated, respectively. The results showed that the maximum efficiency of the heat exchanger was 81.4% by using the effectiveness number of transfer units (ε-NTU) method. When the max air flow rate was 3000 m3/h and the water inlet temperature was 5 °C, the maximum heat transfer rate was 9.29 kW. The maximum pressure drop of the air side and water side were 339.8 Pa and 8.86 kPa, respectively. The comprehensive evaluation index j/f1/2 of the MHPA-AWHE increased by 10.8% compared to the plate–fin heat exchanger with louvered fins. The energy saving characteristics of an example DCs in Beijing was analyzed, and when the air flow rate was 2500 m3/h and the number of MHPA-AWHE modules was five, the minimum payback period of the MHPA-AWHE system was 2.3 years, which was the shortest and the most economical recorded. The maximum comprehensive energy efficiency ratio (EER) of the system after the transformation was 21.8, the electric power reduced by 28.3% compared to the system before the transformation, and the control strategy was carried out. The comprehensive performance provides a reference for MHPA-AWHE application in data centers.

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A combined cooling solution for high heat density data centers using multi-stage heat pipe loops

Cited by 67 publications

References 23 publications

Analysis on energy efficiency of an integrated heat pipe system in data centers

Analysis on energy efficiency of an integrated heat pipe system in data centers

Configuration Optimization Model for Data-Center-Park-Integrated Energy Systems under Economic, Reliability, and Environmental Considerations

Thermal Performance and Energy Saving Analysis of Indoor Air–Water Heat Exchanger Based on Micro Heat Pipe Array for Data Center

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