A combined rocket-borne and ground-based study of the sodium layer and charged dust in the upper mesosphere

Plane, J. M. C.; Saunders, R. W.; Hedin, Jonas; Stegman, J.; Khaplanov, Misha; Gumbel, J.; Lynch, K. A.; Bracikowski, P. J.; Gelinas, L. J.; Friedrich, Martin; Blindheim, S.; Gausa, Michael; Williams, B. P.

doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2013.11.008

Cited by 39 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Rocket-borne detection of charged particles with concentrations of the order of thousands per cm 3 at an altitude between 80 and 90 km (Amyx et al, 2008;Rapp et al, 2012;Friedrich et al, 2012;Plane et al, 2014) confirms the previous remote sensing studies. At lower altitudes in the Arctic vortex stratosphere, the abundance of non-volatile aerosol material was observed by means of airborne in situ investigations at up to 21 km (Curtius et al, 2005;Weigel et al, 2014), yielding about 100 particles per milligram of air, providing a fractional contribution of up to 75 % to the total concentration of in-vortex particles.…”

supporting

confidence: 85%

Chemical analysis of refractory stratospheric aerosol particles collected within the arctic vortex and inside polar stratospheric clouds

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Stratospheric aerosol particles with diameters larger than about 10 nm were collected within the arctic vortex during two polar flight campaigns: RECONCILE in winter 2010 and ESSenCe in winter 2011. Impactors were installed on board the aircraft M-55 Geophysica, which was operated from Kiruna, Sweden. Flights were performed at a height of up to 21 km and some of the particle samples were taken within distinct polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). The chemical composition, size and morphology of refractory particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. During ESSenCe no refractory particles with diameters above 500 nm were sampled. In total 116 small silicate, Fe-rich, Pb-rich and aluminum oxide spheres were found. In contrast to ESSenCe in early winter, during the late-winter RECONCILE mission the air masses were subsiding inside the Arctic winter vortex from the upper stratosphere and mesosphere, thus initializing a transport of refractory aerosol particles into the lower stratosphere. During RECONCILE, 759 refractory particles with diameters above 500 nm were found consisting of silicates, silicate / carbon mixtures, Fe-rich particles, Ca-rich particles and complex metal mixtures. In the size range below 500 nm the presence of soot was also proven. While the data base is still sparse, the general tendency of a lower abundance of refractory particles during PSC events compared to non-PSC situations was observed. The detection of large refractory particles in the stratosphere, as well as the experimental finding that these particles were not observed in the particle samples (upper size limit ∼ 5 µm) taken during PSC events, strengthens the hypothesis that such particles are present in the lower polar stratosphere in late winter and have provided a surface for heterogeneous nucleation during PSC formation.

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confidence: 85%

Chemical analysis of refractory stratospheric aerosol particles collected within the arctic vortex and inside polar stratospheric clouds

et al. 2016

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“…I E MSPs occur in a 126 weak plasma and so a small fraction are charged by electron attachment, which enables 127 them to be detected using rocket-borne Faraday cup detectors (Plane, et al, 2014, Rapp, et 128 al., 2012, Robertson, et al, 2014. These detectors can be coupled to photo-ionisation flash 129 lamps so that neutral particles can be detected simultaneously (Rapp, et al, 2012 observed by measuring their optical extinction using the SOFIE spectrometer on the AIM 137 satellite ), but the composition of the particles are not well constrained 138 (Hervig, et al, 2009 …”

Section: Meteoric Smoke Formation and Properties 107mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prognostic Value of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Suspected Coronary Heart Disease: Long-Term Follow-up of a Prospective, Diagnostic Accuracy Cohort Study

et al. 2016

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11Analogues have been developed and characterised for both interplanetary dust and 12 meteoric smoke particles. These include amorphous materials with elemental compositions 13 similar to the olivine mineral solid solution series, a variety of iron oxides, undifferentiated 14 meteorites (chondrites) and minerals which can be considered good terrestrial proxies to 15 some phases present in meteorites. The products have been subjected to a suite of 16 analytical techniques to demonstrate their suitability as analogues for the target materials. 17

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“…Beatty et al (1989) and Kirkwood and von Zahn (1991) pointed out the interaction between dust layers, sporadic E, and neutral metal layers, and that the presence of a charged dust layer would reduce the electric conductivity parallel to the magnetic field and result in charge separation and polarization electric fields. Plane et al (2014) find that, above the atomic oxygen ledge (typically 88-90 km), negatively charged dust particles of radii < 1 nm (and which contain silicon) are abundant and predominant over negative molecular ions.…”

Section: Electron Biteoutsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Observation of electron biteout regions below sporadic E layers at polar latitudes

2015

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Abstract. The descent of a narrow sporadic E layer near 95 km altitude over Poker Flat Research Range in Alaska was observed with electron probes on two consecutive sounding rockets and with incoherent scatter radar during a 2 h period near magnetic midnight. A series of four trimethyl aluminum chemical releases demonstrated that the Es layer remained just slightly above the zonal wind node, which was slowly descending due to propagating long-period gravity waves. The location of the layer is consistent with the equilibrium position due to combined action of the wind shear and electric fields. Although the horizontal electric field could not be measured directly, we estimate that it was ∼ 2 mV m −1 southward, consistent with modeling the vertical ion drift, and compatible with extremely quiet conditions. Both electron probes observed deep biteout regions just below the Es enhancements, which also descended with the sporadic layers. We discuss several possibilities for the cause of these depletions; one possibility is the presence of negatively charged, nanometer-sized mesospheric smoke particles. Such particles have recently been detected in the upper mesosphere, but not yet in immediate connection with sporadic E. Our observations of electron depletions suggest a new process associated with sporadic E.

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A combined rocket-borne and ground-based study of the sodium layer and charged dust in the upper mesosphere

Cited by 39 publications

References 55 publications

Chemical analysis of refractory stratospheric aerosol particles collected within the arctic vortex and inside polar stratospheric clouds

Chemical analysis of refractory stratospheric aerosol particles collected within the arctic vortex and inside polar stratospheric clouds

Prognostic Value of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Suspected Coronary Heart Disease: Long-Term Follow-up of a Prospective, Diagnostic Accuracy Cohort Study

Observation of electron biteout regions below sporadic E layers at polar latitudes

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