A combined VBM and DTI study of schizophrenia: bilateral decreased insula volume and cerebral white matter disintegrity corresponding to subinsular white matter projections unlinked to clinical symptomatology

CD74 knockout protects against LPS‐induced myocardial contractile dysfunction through AMPK‐Skp2‐SUV39H1‐mediated demethylation of BCLB

“…Cardiomyocyte yield was approximately 65–75% which was unaffected by CD74 KO or LPS challenge. To assess the role of AMPK, autophagy, SUV39H1 and autophagy protein methylation in LPS‐induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction, cardiomyocytes from WT and Cd74 −/− mice were exposed to LPS (4 μg·ml −1 ; Ceylan‐Isik et al, ) for 6 hr in the presence or absence of the AMPK activator AICAR (500 μM; Nyblom, Sargsyan, & Bergsten, ), the autophagy inducer rapamycin (5 μM; Yuan et al, ), the methylation inhibitor 5‐aza‐20‐deoxycytidine (azacytidine or 5‐AzaC,) 10 μM; Liu et al, ; Onay, Yapici Eser, Ulasoglu Yildiz, Aslan, & Tali, ), the demethylation inhibitor difenoconazole (DIF, 0.5 μg·ml −1 ; Ali & Amiri, ), or the SUV39H1 (suppressor of variegation 3‐9 homolog 1) inhibitor chaetocin (50 nM; Yang et al, ) prior to mechanical assessment.…”

“…Fluorescence was calibrated using InSpeck microspheres (Molecular Probes) and was quantitated using an ImagePro analysis software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD; Wang et al, ). To determine the cause–effect role of O 2 − production in various cell signalling pathways‐mediated cardiac contractile responses, cardiomyocytes from WT and Cd74 −/− mice were exposed to LPS (4 μg·ml −1 ; Ceylan‐Isik et al, ) for 6 hr in the presence or absence of the AMPK activator AICAR (500 μM; Nyblom et al, ), the autophagy inducer rapamycin (5 μM; Yuan et al, ), the methylation inhibitor 5‐aza‐20‐deoxycytidine (5‐AzaC, 10 μM; Liu et al, ; Onay et al, ), the demethylation inhibitor difenoconazole (DIF, 0.5 μg·ml −1 ; Ali & Amiri, ), or the SUV39H1 inhibitor chaetocin (50 nM; Yang et al, ) prior to the loading with DHE (5 μM) at 37°C for 30 min. Cardiomyocytes were then rinsed, and DHE fluorescence intensity was measured using a fluorescent microplate reader at an excitation wavelength of 480 nm and an emission wavelength of 530 nm.…”

“…NCM were transfected with GFP‐LC3 adenovirus for 24 hr (Wang, Ge, et al, ) and were treated with LPS (4 μg·ml −1 ) at 37°C for 24 hr in the absence or presence of the AMPK activator AICAR (500 μM; Nyblom et al, ), the autophagy inducer rapamycin (5 μM; Yuan et al, ), the methylation inhibitor 5‐AzaC (10 μM; Liu et al, ; Onay et al, ), the demethylation inhibitor DIF (0.5 μg·ml −1 ; Ali & Amiri, ) or the SUV39H1 inhibitor chaetocin (50 nM; Yang et al, ). After treatment, cells were gently rinsed with PBS three times before being fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (20 min at room temperature).…”

“…500 μM;Nyblom et al, 2008), the autophagy inducer rapamycin (5 μM;Yuan et al, 2009), the methylation inhibitor 5-AzaC (10 μM;Liu et al, 2017;Onay et al, 2017), the demethylation inhibitor DIF (0.5 μgÁml −1 ;Ali & Amiri, 2018) or the SUV39H1 inhibitor chaetocin (50 nM;Yang et al, 2017). After treatment, cells were gently rinsed with PBS three times before being fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (20 min at room temperature).…”

Region‐specific insular volumetric decreases in drug‐naive, first‐episode schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings

“…The insula is one of the affected regions by such changes (Onay, Yapici Eser, Ulasoglu Yildiz, Aslan, & Tali, ; Shepherd, Matheson, Laurens, Carr, & Green, ). A study using combined voxel‐based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging revealed decreased bilateral insular volume and white matter disintegration in schizophrenia, which were unlinked to clinical symptomatology (Onay et al, ).…”