“…Although efforts have been made ( Ali et al., 2020 ; Hernandez et al., 2022 ), a simple and effective sample preparation method or portable instrument is still a major challenge for the widespread use of POC-Dx, especially considering the economic conditions of the countries that would most need such tests ( Land et al., 2019 ). However, new materials and reagents, as well as new instruments and technologies, are being developed to overcome such hurdles ( Ferreira et al., 2009 ; Escobedo et al., 2013 ; Perez-Guaita et al., 2018 ; Rampazzo et al., 2019 ; Cereda et al., 2022 ).…”