A comparative assessment of aging-related NADPH diaphorase positivity in the spinal cord and medullary oblongata between pigeon and murine

et al. 2019

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NADPH diaphorase (N-d) is used to a histochemical identification of subgroup of neuronal cells. Beside regular intracellular N-d positivity, membrane-related positivity revealed as a specialized staining pattern in the pigeon brain stem. In the investigation of the nervous system of homing pigeons (Columba livia) with N-d staining, we found a specialized structure, which temporally was termed as N-d tubular glomerular body/structure or as T-J body related to the last name of authors. This N-d positive specialization constituted by tubular components bilaterally located in the medial to the lemniscus spinalis in the medulla oblongata. The tubular components were moderate staining. T-J body was a longitudinal oriented structure of 2400 μ m with N-d staining. N-d positive tubular components were twisted and intermingled together.Beside the young adult pigeons, T-J body s were also consistently detected in the aged pigeons. Membrane-related staining were also detected in the other rostral nuclei in the brain stem. With discussion and review of related scientific literatures, T-J body was considered as a new anatomical structure or a new feature of the existent nucleus.In summary, beside N-d intracellular distribution, there were other three N-d membrane-related localizations: mini-aggregation, patch-aggregation, and arrangement along tubular unit. IntroductionNADPH diaphorase (N-d) is used to a histochemical identification of neuronal cells [1, 2] and also used to detect the neurodegenerative and neuropathological neurites [3][4][5][6][7].Our research interesting is focused on the aging alterations in the lumbosacral spinal cord and dorsal column nuclei. Aging-related neurodegeneration are also detected in the pigeons [8]. The N-d positivity vary with neurons [9] and neuroglia[10] as well as blood vessel endothelium [11, 12]. Morphological feature of neuronal fibers or neurites are definitely distinguishable from neuroglia and blood vessels [11, 13]. The similar observation of the brain and the spinal cord of pigeons are well demonstrated in the anatomical morphology of N-d positivity [8, 14-16]. The gastrointestinal tract of Coturnix coturnix, an avian species is innervated by N-d-ergic neurons, as it is in mammals. Pigeon cloaca, a unique structure for avian is also innervated by N-d-ergic neurons [16]. In general, the N-d positive neurons in the pigeons are similar to the other species[8]. For neuronal cells, N-d histochemistry produces subgroup of positivity based on size of the somata, intensity of enzyme reaction (strong or light intensity), visible processes and less or un-visible process. Many neurons are visible for Golgi-like staining. Some of endothelia of blood vessels are stained with N-d histochemistry. Impression of the N-d staining is superiority to reveal specialized formation, such as aging-related N-d body and megaloneurite in the aged animals[4, 6-8]. However, recently, we found an uncommon N-d positive specialized structures featured with tubul-like components twisted and intermingled formatio...

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specialized NADPH diaphorase membrane-related localizations in the brainstem of the pigeons (Columba livia)

et al. 2019

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“…Relatively, the spinal cords of birds have a glycogen body not seen in mammals [65].The glycogen body may work as a sense organ of equilibrium [66]. We try to demonstrate the structure with NADPH-d histology [16]. There are only a few of NADPH-d fiber around in the structure.…”

Section: Subpial Region and Csf-contacting Neurons In Spinal Cordmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NADPH-d positive neurons have been detected in the spinal cord [13,14].The distribution of NADPH-d neurons are majorly detected in superficial dorsal horn, deeper laminae dorsal horn, Laminae X and IML. NADPH-d neurons is scarcely found in ventral horn in rat, but can be detected in the dog [15] and pigeon [16]. Occasionally, positive neurons are detected in the white matter [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Pial surface CSF-contacting texture, subpial and funicular plexus in the thoracic spinal cord in monkey: NADPH diaphorase histological configuration

et al. 2020

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In spinal cord, white matter is distinguished from grey matter in that it contains ascending and descending axonal tracts. While grey matter gets concentrated with neuronal cell bodies. Notable cell bodies and sensory modality of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in white matter are still elusive in certain segment of the spinal cord. Monkey Spinal cord was examined by NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. We found that NADPH-d positive neurons clustered and featured flat plane in mediolateral funiculus in caudal thoracic and rostral lumber spinal cord, especially evident in the horizontal sections. Majority of NADPH-d funicular neurons were relatively large size and moderately-or lightly-stained neurons. In horizontal section, the multipolar processes of the neurons were thicker than that of regular other neurons. The processes oriented laterally or obliquely in the lateral funiculus. Some of neuronal cell bodies and proximal processes attached NADPH-d positive buttons or puncta. The neuronal processes interlaced network medially linked to lateral horn (intermediolateral nucleus, IML) and laterally to subpial region, in which formed subpial plexus with subpial NADPH-d neurons. Subpial plexus appeared to contacting externally with CSF. The subpial plexus patterned like round brackets located in lateromarginal pial surface. Compared with sympathetic IML in rostral thoracic segments and sacral parasympathetic IML, the funicular plexus configurated a specialized neuro-texture in caudal thoracic segments. The dendritic arbor of funicular neuron featured variety geometric plane shapes. The funicular plexus oriented exclusive layered flat-plane organization between lateral horn and subpial region in caudal thoracic and rostral lumber spinal cord. The subpial plexus may work as CSF sensor outside of spinal cord. The cluster of funicular neurons may function as locomotion sensor, besides visceral regulation. Different to periventricular CSF contacting or pericentral canal structures, NADPH-d funicular neurons and subpial plexus that located in the pial surface. With advantage of NADPH-d, we found funicular neurons which termed academically as funicular plexus and specialized localization for subpial structure we termed subpial plexus. The funicular texture was regarded as neuronal bridge between the interior CSF in the central canal and external CSF out of the pial surface.

“…Up to date, the N-d is also commonly used to investigate the neurodegenerative diseases[21-23]. Aging-related N-d alterations have been studied in the sacral spinal cord in the rat [18], dog[24, 25], pigeon [26] and monkey [27]. In these experiments, the aging-related N-d alterations show the diversity of the neuropathological profiles.…”

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confidence: 99%

Spacing spheroids, curl-up and coiled neuritic plexus of the sacral spinal cord of aged dog: Hypothesis based on continued NADPH diaphorase histological observations

et al. 2020

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NADPH diaphorase (N-d) neurons distribute in spinal cord and function for visceral sensation and autonomic regulation. N-d positive neurons innervate pelvic organs. In previous investigation, we report that aging-related N-d body (ANB) in the lumbosacral spinal cord in aged rat and megaloneurite in the sacral spinal cord in aged dog. This article was a continued data report of aging-related N-d alterations in aged dog. N-d positivity in aged spinal cord has revealed a certain of morphological profiles in the spinal cord of several species. However, we still found some denoted N-d neurodegenerative changes that we failed to notice in our previous studies when reexamination of the sacral spinal cord of aged dog. In the horizontal section, spacing spheroids in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn, curl-up and coiled neurites in the intermediate zone were detected in the sacral spinal cord. The ANB and vacuolar neurite were also detected. Vacuolar degeneration also occurred in the dorsal ganglia at the sacral segment. The curl-up and coiled neurites did not occur in the lumbothoracic segment, but the ANB and vacuolar neurite were scatteringly detected in in the lumbothoracic segment of aged dog. The results suggested that the N-d sensory inputs interrupted and disconnected with integration of autonomic centers and output circuits of regulating urogenital organs during the aging. These specialized profiles were speculated that the N-d neurite deterioration of visceral sensory circuit implicated dysfunction of pelvic organs in the aging. Megaloneurite and fiber dilation may make backward reasoning to N-d fiber architecture under normal condition.Urinary incontinence is clinical epidemiological health issues of older adults[1] Constipation is also common in adults older than 60 years [2]. Generally, constipation is considered for the peripheral enteric neurodegeneration [3,4]. Erectile dysfunction in men is also a sign of an underlying aging condition [5]. The sensation of the aging spinal cord could be changed in the singling circuitry in the dorsal horn of the lumbosacral segment [6]. The impact of aging on the cellular composition of the spinal cord reveals aging-associated changes in the numbers of neurons and non-neuronal cells [7].The sacral spinal cord innervates of the urogenital organs [8,9]. The relevant cell bodies of autonomic neurons distribute in the dorsal horn, intermediolateral nucleus (IML), dorsal commissural nucleus (DCN). In the dog [9, 10] and monkey [11], autonomic neurons also locate in the anterior horn. Many neuropeptides distribute in these neurons [12,13]. The NADPH diaphorase (N-d) is also important neuronal enzyme identical to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) distributed in the autonomic spinal cord[14-16], although some experiments may not completely reach the consistent conclusion [17][18][19][20]. Up to date, the N-d is also commonly used to investigate the neurodegenerative diseases[21-23]. Aging-related N-d alterations have been studied in the sacral spinal cord in the rat [18], dog[2...