A comparative study of machine learning methods for classifying ERP scalp distribution

Abstract

Objective. Machine learning (ML) methods are used in different fields for classification and regression purposes with different applications. These methods are used with non-invasive brain signals, including Electroencephalography (EEG) signals to detect patterns and are considered critical tools since could overcome some of the limitations in the traditional methods of EEG analysis such as Event-related potentials (ERPs) analysis. The goal of this paper was to apply ML classification methods on human ERP scalp distribution to investigate the performance of these methods in identifying numerical information carried in different finger-numeral configurations (FNCs). FNCs in their three forms of montring, counting, and non-canonical counting are used for communication, counting, and doing arithmetic across the world between children and even adults. Studies have shown the relationship between perceptual and semantic processing of FNCs, and neural differences in visually identifying different types of FNCs. Approach. A publicly available 32-channel EEG dataset recorded for 38 participants while they were shown a picture of an FNC (i.e., three categories and four numbers of 1,2,3, and 4) was used. EEG data were pre-processed and ERP scalp distribution of different FNCs was classified across time by six ML methods, including support vector machine, linear discriminate analysis, naïve base, decision tree, K-nearest neighbor, and neural network. The classification was conducted in two conditions: classifying all FNCs together (i.e., 12 classes) and classifying FNCs of each category separately (i.e., 4 classes). Results. The support vector machine had the highest classification accuracy for both classification conditions. For classifying all FNCs together, the K-nearest neighbor was the next in line; however, the neural network could retrieve numerical information from the FNCs for category-specific classification. Significance. The significance of this study is in exploring the application of multiple ML methods in recognizing numerical information contained in ERP scalp distribution of different finger-numeral configurations.