A comparative study of shoulder muscle strength, sense of proprioception and internal/external rotation flexibility between adolescent athletes with and without scapular asymmetry

Abstract

Introduction: Scapular asymmetry may affect the biomechanics of the shoulder girdle joints and muscles by changing the contraction angles of the muscles. The purpose of this prospective cohort, matched-controlled study was to compare shoulder muscle strength, proprioception sense and internal/external rotation flexibility between adolescent athletes with and without scapular asymmetry.Material and methods: Nineteen athletes of tennis, fencing, shooting, archery, gymnastics, and badminton branches with left side (non-dominant) scapular asymmetry were included in the study as asymmetry group. Nineteen athletes who have similar gender, sports branch, professional experience, physical characteristics with asymmetry group were included in the study as the control group. Scapular asymmetry was measured using a tape measure with the Lateral Scapular Slide Test. Shoulder horizontal abduction/adduction isokinetic muscle strength and shoulder abduction/adduction isometric muscle strength was tested by an isokinetic dynamometer. The proprioception sense of the glenohumeral joint was evaluated with a digital inclinometer, and the flexibility of the internal and external rotation of the shoulder was evaluated by the flexibility test.Results: There was not any significant difference between the groups in isokinetic muscle strength, isometric muscle strength, and proprioception sense of shoulder (p > 0.05). Shoulder internal rotation flexibility of both dominant and nondominant sides was higher in the asymmetry group than the control group (p < 0.05).Conclusions: It was determined that the flexibility of shoulder internal rotation in adolescent athletes with scapular asymmetry was higher than those without asymmetry.

Development of measuring tools for muscle strength and endurance arm for archery sport holding bow digitec test

“…So that the archer is able to draw the bow without expending excessive force and without tension and is able to do it repeatedly without changing the anatomical shape of the technique (Ahmad et al, 2014;Cohen et al, 2018). High precision when performing archery techniques between one arrow and another is important to get a high score (Akınoğlu et al, 2020). To be able to match the bow with the wearer, every trainer must be able to know the muscle strength and endurance of the athlete's arm (Arkin & Budak, 2021;Park et al, 2013;Tan et al, 2016).…”

Validity and Reliability of Holding Bow Digitec Test

“…So that the archer is able to draw the bow without exerting excessive force and without tension and is able to do it repeatedly without changing the anatomical shape of the technique (Ahmad et al, 2014;Cohen et al, 2018). High precision when performing archery techniques between one arrow and another is important to get a high score(Aknoğlu et al, 2020). To be able to match the bow with the wearer, every coach must be able to know the muscle strength and endurance of the athlete's arm(Arkin & Budak, 2021; Park et al, 2013; Tan et al, 2016).…”