A Comparative Study of the Microbial Anti-Adherence Capacities of Three Antimicrobial Agents

Gorman, Seán; McCafferty, D.F.; Woolfson, A. David; Jones, David S.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.1987.tb00552.x

Cited by 45 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…MEDTA, when used in concentrations similar to that used in our study, was undetectable in serum (25). Taurolidine has novel activity, making resistance unlikely (5,8,16,17,45). It is bactericidal with broad-spectrum activity (38).…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Comparative In Vitro Efficacies of Various Catheter Lock Solutions

Sherertz

Boger

Collins

et al. 2006

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

109

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MEDTA (minocycline-edetate calcium disodium), taurolidine (2%)-polyvinylpyrolidine (5%) (T/PVP), and ethanol as potential catheter lock solutions have a unique mechanism of action, broad-spectrum activity, and anticoagulant properties. Traditional lock solutions minocycline (M), rifampin (R), ciprofloxacin (C), and vancomycin, except pharmacologic concentrations of C and R and of M and R, were less effective than MEDTA and T/PVP. Minocycline-edetate calcium disodium (MEDTA) (7,11,25,27,30), taurolidine-polyvinylpyrolidine (T/PVP) (2,6,33,38,45), and ethanol (E) (14, 21, 23) are promising lock solutions. We examined the relative efficacies of vancomycin (V), ciprofloxacin (C), minocycline (M), minocycline-rifampin (M/R), ciprofloxacin-rifampin (C/R), vancomycin-rifampin (V/R), E, EDTA, MEDTA, and T/PVP at killing Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans growing in biofilms.Silicone Hickman catheter segments (1 cm) were incubated overnight at 37°C in tryptic soy broth (two to four replicates per condition) for growth of each organism. Segments were removed, rinsed thrice in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and incubated in various lock solutions for 0, 2, 4, or 24 h at 37°C. Segments were removed, washed 10 times in PBS, placed in tryptic soy broth, sonicated for 3 min, vortexed for 10 s, serially diluted, and plated on blood agar. CFU were counted after 24 h of incubation at 37°C and converted to log 10 values. Each experiment was duplicated. Values were averaged, and the means were graphed. Results at 24 h were compared using analysis of variance and Student's t test (Minitab, Penn State University, PA).The most common causative organisms of vascular catheter infections are S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and yeasts, including C. albicans (18). P. aeruginosa causes severe, often difficult-toeradicate bloodstream infections. We used the P1 S. aureus strain (13, 39), the slime-producing RP62A S. epidermidis strain (12), and P. aeruginosa and C. albicans catheter-related bloodstream infection isolates. MICs (in micrograms per milliliters) were determined for M, R, C, and V: for S. aureus, MICs were Յ0.5, Յ0.12, Յ0.12, and Յ0.5, respectively; for S. epidermidis, MICs were Յ0.5, Յ0.12, 0.25, and 1.0; for P. aeruginosa, MICs were 4.0, Ͼ4.0, Յ0.12, and Ͼ16.0; and for C. albicans, MICs were 2.0, Ͼ8.0, Ͼ2.0, and Ͼ16.0. The following lock solutions were investigated: the therapeutic concentration (attainable serum concentration) (31,40,46,48) for M was 2

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confidence: 94%

Comparative In Vitro Efficacies of Various Catheter Lock Solutions

Sherertz

Boger

Collins

et al. 2006

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

109

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“…The consensus of opinion is that treatment of BECs or yeast cells with any of a variety of agents-including chlorhexidine, hexetidine, dequalinium chloride, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, octenidine, pirtenidine, taurolidine, propamidine isethionate, noxythiolin, and aqueous garlic extractreduced adherence (Gorman et al, 1986(Gorman et al, , 1987aTobgi et al, 1987;Ghannoum, 1990;Ghannoum et al, 1990;Jones and Fowler, 1994). Also, treatment of C. albicans with propamidine isethionate, octenidine, pirtenidine, and aqueous garlic extract reduced germ tube formation (Jones and Fowler, 1994;Jones et al, 1997).…”

Section: Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Colonization By Candida Albicans

Cannon

Chaffin

1999

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

277

193

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Candida albicans is a commensal yeast normally present in small numbers in the oral flora of a large proportion of humans. Colonization of the oral cavity by C. albicans involves the acquisition and maintenance of a stable yeast population. Micro-organisms are continually being removed from the oral cavity by host clearance mechanisms, and so, in order to survive and inhabit this eco-system, C. albicans cells have to adhere and replicate. The oral cavity presents many niches for C. albicans colonization, and the yeast is able to adhere to a plethora of ligands. These include epithelial and bacterial cell-surface molecules, extracellular matrix proteins, and dental acrylic. In addition, saliva molecules, including basic proline-rich proteins, adsorbed to many oral surfaces promote C. albicans adherence. Several adhesins present in the C. albicans cell wall have now been partially characterized. Adherence involves lectin, protein-protein, and hydrophobic interactions. As C. albicans cells evade host defenses and colonize new environments by penetrating tissues, they are exposed to new adherence receptors and respond by expressing alternative adhesins. The relatively small number of commensal Candida cells in the oral flora raises the possibility that strategies can be devised to prevent oral colonization and infection. However, the variety of oral niches and the complex adherence mechanisms of the yeast mean that such a goal will remain elusive until more is known about the contribution of each mechanism to colonization.

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“…Taurolidine [2 H-1,2,4-thiadiazine-4,4Ј-methylenebis(tetrahydro-1,1,1Ј,1Ј-tetraoxide)] is a derivative of aminosulfonamide-taurinamide. It is a unique, nontoxic substance with antiadherence and immunomodulatory properties (9,28). Taurolidine has antimicrobial activity against a broad range of bacteria and fungi (25,26; L. A. Mermel, N. Magill, and S. Zinner, Abstr.…”

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confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Activity of a Novel Catheter Lock Solution

Shah

Mittelman²,

Costerton

et al. 2002

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

175

129

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Intravascular catheter-associated bloodstream infections significantly increase rates of morbidity and hospital costs. Microbial colonization and development of biofilms, which are known to be recalcitrant to antibiotic therapy, often lead to the loss of otherwise patent vascular access systems. We evaluated a new taurolidine-and citrate-based catheter lock solution (Neutrolin; Biolink Corporation, Norwell, Mass.) for its activity against planktonic microbes, antimicrobial activity in a catheter model, and biofilm eradication activity. In studies of planktonic microbes, after 24 h of contact, 675 mg of taurolidine-citrate solution per liter caused >99% reductions in the initial counts of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Entercoccus faecalis. A solution of 13,500 mg/liter was cidal for Candida albicans. Ports and attached catheters inoculated with 50 to 600 CFU of these bloodstream isolates per ml were locked with heparin or the taurolidine-citrate solution. After 72 h, there was no growth in the taurolidine-citrate-treated devices but the heparin-treated devices exhibited growth in the range of 6 ؋ 10 2 to 5 ؋ 10 6 CFU/ml. Biofilms were developed on silicone disks in modified Robbins devices with broth containing 6% serum (initial counts, 10 6 to 10 8 CFU/cm 2 ). The axenic biofilms were treated for 24 h with taurolidine-citrate or heparin. Taurolidine-citrate exposure resulted in a median reduction of 4.8 logs, whereas heparin treatment resulted in a median reduction of 1.7 logs (P < 0.01). No significant differences in the effects of the two treatments against P. aeruginosa and C. albicans were observed. These findings suggest that taurolidine-citrate is a promising combination agent for the prevention and treatment of intravascular catheter-related infections.

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A Comparative Study of the Microbial Anti-Adherence Capacities of Three Antimicrobial Agents

Cited by 45 publications

References 10 publications

Comparative In Vitro Efficacies of Various Catheter Lock Solutions

Comparative In Vitro Efficacies of Various Catheter Lock Solutions

Oral Colonization By Candida Albicans

Antimicrobial Activity of a Novel Catheter Lock Solution

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