A comparative study of the flora and soils of Great Duck and Little Duck Islands, Maine, USA

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Strong environmental gradients and varied land-use practices have generated a mosaic of habitats harboring distinct plant communities on islands on the coast of Maine. Botanical studies of Maine's islands, however, are generally limited in number and scope. Baseline studies of Maine's islands are necessary for assessing vegetation dynamics and changes in habitat conditions in relation to environmental impacts imposed by climate change, rising sea levels, invasive species, pests and pathogens, introduced herbivores, and human disturbance. We conducted a survey of the vascular plants and soils of forest, field, and ocean-side communities of Great Duck and Little Duck Islands, ME. These islands differ in environmental and land-use features, and in particular the presence of mammalian herbivores; Great Duck Island has had over a century of continuous mammalian herbivory while Little Duck Island has been largely free of mammalian herbivores over the last 100 years. We recorded 235 vascular plant species in 61 families on the Duck Islands, 106 of which were common to both islands. The composition, abundances, and diversity of plant species substantially differed within similar plant communities between the islands. These differences were particularly evident in the forest communities where Little Duck Island had significantly greater sapling regeneration and a more recent peak in tree recruitment. Soil properties also significantly differed between these islands, with a higher pH in all three communities and higher P, Ca, and K in field, forest, and ocean-side communities, respectively, on Little Duck Island, and higher soluble salts in forest and ocean-side communities of Great Duck Island. Together, our findings suggest that soil characteristics and the dominance and regeneration of 46 vascular plant species can differ substantially even between adjacent islands with otherwise similar geologic characteristics and glacial history, and that mammalian herbivory along with other ecological factors may be important drivers of these differences.Key Words: coastal ecology, insular ecology, baseline survey, mammalian herbivory, Gulf of Maine, vascular plants, edaphic featuresThe coastline of northeastern North America includes a mosaic of islands with varied topography, climate, bedrock and surface geology, and with complex postglacial and post-settlement histories (McMaster 2005;Turcotte and Butler 2006). The strong environmental gradients, along with historical factors, have produced varied habitats harboring a wide range of species and vegetation types on islands of the region (Clayden et al. 2010;Greene et al. 2005). The state of Maine, located at the intersection of temperate and boreal bioclimatic zones in northeastern North America, is home to 2103 vascular plant taxa (Campbell et al. 1995) and 104 natural plant communities (Gawler and Cutko 2010). Although more than 3000 islands hug the coastline of Maine, botanical studies of the state's islands are limited in number and scope, with the vast majority foc...