A Comparative Study of the Accuracy of Regularized and Tension Spline Interpolation Methods to Map the Surface Water Temperature of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah

Kamaruddin, Sharir Aizat; Zainolabdin, Shaidatul Najwa; Naim, Khairul; Roslani, Muhammad Akmal; Zohir, Nur Syazwana Akmal Mohd; Al-Bakri, Nurdamia Yasmin Mustaffa

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-3434-8_25

Cited by 4 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…the form of ranges. The ranges were based on less than 7 pH reading (<7), between 7 to 8 pH reading (7)(8), and more than 8 pH reading (>8).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regularized spline is shown to outperform tension spline when estimating surface water salinity in Sungai Merbok, Kedah [16]. Moreover, the regularized spline model also produces high accuracy estimating the surface water temperature over coastal water of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi [17]. Overall, spline has been known to be generating gently varying surfaces such as pollution concentrations [18].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first sampling data was used to develop the spatial model while the second sampling data was used to validate the developed models. The sampling design follows the research conducted by [7]. Figure 1 shows the sampling area and sampling points established for this research.…”

Section: Sampling Area and Sampling Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A robust interpolation model should yield [7]:  The positive and strong correlation between the observed and predicted value.  High percentage of variation in the observed value that the predicted value could explain.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human activities such as sewage discharge and land use can cause degradation of surface water quality [6]. To date, research on ocean acidification and climate change effects in Pulau Langkawi, Kedah are limited [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Accuracy of Regularized and Tension Spline Methods to Estimate and Model the Surface Water pH of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah

Kamaruddin¹,

Nasir²,

Rahim³

et al. 2021

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This research is conducted to assess the accuracy of spline interpolation methods to predict and model the surface water pH of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia. In-situ sampling activities using pH-meter and Geographic Positioning Systems (GPS) were carried out during high tides and at noon in November 2018. The development of spatial models was constructed using Regularized and Tension spline methods. Then, validation of models was carried out to compare the observed and predicted values of pH using correlation analysis, regression analysis, and error analysis. The accuracy of the developed map was calculated using the overall accuracy equation. This research found that the regularized spline method had more accuracy in estimating surface water pH variability than the tension spline method. Pearson correlation coefficient (r), Coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were reported at 0.896, 0.803, 0.0265 and 0.0344 for the regularized spline method,respectively. The developed spatial model was then transformed into a map by adding map elements such as legend, title, north arrow, and scales for effective visualization. The developed map has an accuracy of 87.50%. The surface water pH was found at the range of 7-8. Low reading of pH is expected due to the addition of rainwater to the coastal water of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah. The research outcomes would benefit government and non-government agencies to monitor the coastal and ocean acidification and the development of strategic policies and rules to reduce the impact of anthropogenic activities and climate changes for this area.

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“…the form of ranges. The ranges were based on less than 7 pH reading (<7), between 7 to 8 pH reading (7)(8), and more than 8 pH reading (>8).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sampling Area and Sampling Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evaluation Of Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Accuracy of Regularized and Tension Spline Methods to Estimate and Model the Surface Water pH of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah

Kamaruddin¹,

Nasir²,

Rahim³

et al. 2021

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Evaluation of the Performance of Spline Interpolation Method in Mapping and Estimating the Total Suspended Solids over the Coastal Water of Pulau Tuba, Kedah

Kamaruddin

Hashim

Zainol

et al. 2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the spline interpolation method in predicting and mapping the concentration of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in the surface water of Pulau Tuba, Kedah. Thirty sampling points were set up and geolocated using the Geographic Positioning System (GPS). Gravimetric analyses were used to determine the TSS level. Fifty percent of the total sampling points were randomly chosen for developing spatial models using regularised and tension spline methods. The research found that the tension spline methods outperform the regularised spline method. The Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Mean Absolute Error Percentage (MAPE) were reported at 351.641, 18.752, 15.81, and 21.51%, respectively. This study’s findings are critical in the domains of spatial statistics and interpolation for creating a precise map of water properties.

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Sustainable Management of the Coastal Water pH of Pulau Tuba Using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Method

Kamaruddin

Aziz

Roslani

et al. 2021

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The purpose of this research is to evaluate the precision of the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) to estimate and map the coastal water pH for the sustainability of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah. 30 sampling points have been set up during two sampling activities in November 2018. The pH meter has been calibrated and lowered to 1 meter below the water surface to measure the reading of pH. The development of the spatial model was developed using the spatial analyst tool available in ArcGIS Software. Several types of statistical analyses were carried to compare the observed and predicted value of pHs such as correlation analysis, regression analysis, and error analysis. Accuracy assessment was carried later after the transformation of a spatial model into a surface map. The research found that the IDW method successfully interpolated the pH readings. The research found that there is a strong positive correlation between the observed and predicted values. For error analysis, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were recorded at 0.033 and 0.044, respectively. After the transformation of the spatial model to the surface map, the accuracy of the map is recorded at 81.25%. The map produced can be used by residents and local government for social and economic development and protection of biodiversity at the coastal water of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah.

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A Comparative Study of the Accuracy of Regularized and Tension Spline Interpolation Methods to Map the Surface Water Temperature of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah

Cited by 4 publications

References 20 publications

A Comparative Accuracy of Regularized and Tension Spline Methods to Estimate and Model the Surface Water pH of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah

A Comparative Accuracy of Regularized and Tension Spline Methods to Estimate and Model the Surface Water pH of Pulau Tuba, Langkawi, Kedah

Evaluation of the Performance of Spline Interpolation Method in Mapping and Estimating the Total Suspended Solids over the Coastal Water of Pulau Tuba, Kedah

Sustainable Management of the Coastal Water pH of Pulau Tuba Using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Method

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