“…The most common representations of battery electrical behaviour are electrochemical models and Equivalent Circuit Models (ECM) (Fan, Pan, Bartlett, Canova, & Rizzoni, 2014;Perez, Shahmohammadhamedani, & Moura, 2015;Guo, Jin, & White, 2017;He, Xiong, & Fan, 2011;Chen & Rincon-Mora, 2006). It is well known that the overall battery pack performance is influenced significantly by the battery temperature (McGahan, Rouaud, & Booker, 2019) which we model using a network of 1D lumped thermal components (Pesaran, 2002;Johnson, Pesaran, & Sack, 2000;Park & Jaura, 2003;Nelson, Dees, Amine, & Henriksen, 2002). Investigation of battery aging mechanisms is currently a hot topic in both academia and industry.…”