A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF ACTH, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE, AND CHOLERA TOXIN ON ADRENAL cAMP AND STEROID SYNTHESIS*

Kowal, Jerome; Horst, Iris A.; Pensky, Jack; Alfonzo, Marcelo J.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb41863.x

Cited by 49 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…It may act in a cAMP-dependent manner since it has an accu mulating effect on cAMP in different tissues [25] including ad renocortical tumor cells [9,26]. The stimulatory effect on corti sol secretion seems to be mediated through a subpopulation of ACTH receptors [12], In the brain, VIP can also increase the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has, besides its vasodilatory effect, neurotransmitter properties in the central as well as in the peripheral nervous system [4,5]. In the rat adrenals, VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers occur in the cortex of the gland [6,7] and there is increasing evidence that VIP has a stim ulatory effect on corticosteroid secretion [8][9][10][11][12],In a new experimental model, an isolated perfused prepara tion of porcine adrenals including functionally intact splanchnic nerve supply, we studied the release of corticosteroids and of VIP after stimulation of the nerves and the effect of VIP added to the perfusion medium on cortisol and aldosterone secretion. This model should provide experimental conditions as close to natural conditions as possible, while at the same time preserv ing the advantages of in vitro studies: complete control of ex perimental conditions, no influences from nonadrenal factors that might otherwise influence the results, and a precise knowledge of the source of items measured.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Role of the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in a Neuroendocrine Regulation of the Adrenal Cortex

Ehrhart‐Bornstein

Bornstein²,

Scherbaum³

et al. 1991

Neuroendocrinology

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Using a method for isolation and perfusion of pig adrenal glands with preserved nerve supply, we measured the release of cortisol and aldosterone and of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) after electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerves. Additionally, the effect of VIP (at final concentrations of 10^–10–10^–7M) in the perfusion medium on the release of cortisol and aldosterone was investigated. The amount of VIP contained within the adrenal was measured by chromatography, and the localization of VIP in the adrenal gland was investigated immunohistochemically. Stimulation of the splanchnic nerves provoked a significant release of VIP (2.7- to 17-fold) and of the corticosteroids cortisol (2.5- to 6.7-fold) and aldosterone (1.6- to 2.8-fold). VIP added to the perfusion medium stimulated secretion of both corticosteroids with a maximal effect at 10^–8M. Cortisol release increased 20- to 58.5-fold over basal, aldosterone release increased 2.9- to 4.9-fold over basal. This VIP-stimulated release had the same range of magnitude as the release stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone in physiological concentrations (10^–10M). The mean concentration of VIP-like immunoreactivity in the adrenal glands was 8.9 ± 2.1 pmol/g wet weight. Immunohistochemical investigations showed immunoreactive cells within the adrenal medulla as well as VIP-ergic nerve fibers in the cortex of the adrenal gland. These data show that the adrenal cortex can be stimulated independent of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis via a neuroadrenocortical axis. In this regulatory pathway, the VIP-ergic innervation of the adrenal cortex may be a potent stimulatory element.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in a Neuroendocrine Regulation of the Adrenal Cortex

Ehrhart‐Bornstein

Bornstein²,

Scherbaum³

et al. 1991

Neuroendocrinology

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“…The effects of cyclic AMP on steroidogenesis in Y1 and both classes of mutants were qualitatively similar to the effects of the more potent 8BrcAMP. The roles of cyclic AMP and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases in the steroidogenic actions of ACTH have been questioned most seriously at concentrations of hormone that stimulate steroidogenesis less than half maximally (12,16,21). Accordingly, the agonist concentrations required to stimulate protein kinase activity or steroidogenesis to 25% of the maximum were compared in the Y1 parent and in six Yl(Kin) mutants.…”

Section: Growth and Morphological Characteristics Of Mutantmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low doses of ACTH stimulate steroidogenesis in rat adrenal cells without causing detectable changes in cyclic AMP accumulation (12,13) or protein kinase activity (11,14); increasing doses of ACTH beyond that required for maximal steroidogenesis cause further increases in cyclic AMP accumulation (12,13). An ACTH analog, o-nitrophenylsulfenyl-ACTH, stimulates steroidogenesis in rat adrenal cells (13,15) and Y1 mouse adrenal tumor cells (16) to levels approaching those achieved with ACTH, while causing very little accumulation of cyclic AMP. In contrast, increasing doses of cholera toxin stimulate steroidogenesis and cyclic AMP accumulation in parallel (17,18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutations in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and corticotropin (ACTH)-sensitive adenylate cyclase affect adrenal steroidogenesis.

Rae¹,

Gutmann²,

Tsao³

et al. 1979

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

141

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Two groups of mutant clones were isolated from Y1 adrenocortical tumor cells. One group, Y1(Kin), exhibited altered cytosolic cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity; the second group, Y1(Cyc), exhibited diminished corticotropin-responsive adenylate cyclase activity. Steroidogenic responses to corticotropin and cyclic nucleotides closely paralleled cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity in the YI(Kin) mutants. In Y1(Cyc) mutants, corticotropin had little effect on steroidogenesis, whereas cyclic nucleotides were fully active. These data imply that adenylate cyclase and cyclic

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“…Moreover, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was reported to stimulate steroid secretion by murine Y-1 cell line (12,19) and frog interrenal cells (13,14), as well as by cultured rat granulosa cells (2). Previous studies failed to show any effect of VIP on aldosterone secretion by isolated rat zona glomerulosa cells (4), but recently some of us demonstrated a clear-out acute effect of this peptide in vivo (23).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

<b>STIMULATORY EFFECT OF VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE (VIP) ON THE GROWTH AND STEROIDOGENIC CAPACITY OF RAT ADRENAL ZONA </b><b>GLOMERULOSA </b>

et al. 1987

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The effects of a prolonged treatment with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the morphology and hormone secretion of the rat adrenal gland were investigated. VIP administration caused a significant hypertrophy of the Zona glomerulosa and its parenchymal cells, coupled with a notable rise in the blood level of aldosterone. Zona fasciculata morphology and the blood concentration of corticosterone were not affected. Plasma potassium concentration, the level of circulating ACTH and plasma renin activity did not display any significant variation in VIP-treated animals. The possibility is discussed that VIP may be specifically and directly involved in the control of the growth and steroidogenic capacity of rat adrenal zona glomerulosa. I Some investigations demonstrated the existence of a VIP-ergic innervation in the rat adrenal zona glomerulosa (9, 10) and ovary (1). Moreover, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was reported to stimulate steroid secretion by murine Y-1 cell line (12, 19) and frog interrenal cells (13, 14), as well as by cultured rat granulosa cells (2). Previous studies failed to show any effect of VIP on aldosterone secretion by isolated rat zona glomerulosa cells (4), but recently some of us demonstrated a clear-out acute effect of this peptide in vivo (23). Many lines of evidence have stressed the multifactorial regulation of zona glomerulosa growth: in addition to ACTH, K+ and angiotensin II (see 21, for reference), somatostatin (17, 24), prolactin (18), a-MSH (27) and methionine-enkephalin (26) seem to be involved. It therefore seemed worthwhile to investigate the effect of a prolonged administration of VIP on the morphology and function of rat adrenal Zona glomerulosa.

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A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF ACTH, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE, AND CHOLERA TOXIN ON ADRENAL cAMP AND STEROID SYNTHESIS*

Cited by 49 publications

References 31 publications

Role of the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in a Neuroendocrine Regulation of the Adrenal Cortex

Role of the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in a Neuroendocrine Regulation of the Adrenal Cortex

Mutations in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and corticotropin (ACTH)-sensitive adenylate cyclase affect adrenal steroidogenesis.

<b>STIMULATORY EFFECT OF VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE (VIP) ON THE GROWTH AND STEROIDOGENIC CAPACITY OF RAT ADRENAL ZONA </b><b>GLOMERULOSA </b>

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