A comparison of wind-tunnel experiments and numerical simulations of neutral and stratified flow over a hill

Ross, Andrew; Arnold, Samantha; Vosper, S. B.; Mobbs, S. D.; Dixon, Nick; Robins, AG

doi:10.1007/s10546-004-0490-z

Cited by 52 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The wind-tunnel experiments of Ross et al 16 were conducted at the Environmental Flow Research Laboratory (EnFlo), University of Surrey, UK. The wind tunnel has a working section of 20 m length, 3.5 m width and 1.5 m height, and the shape of the two-dimensional steep hill is given by…”

Section: Computational Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this test case, neutral and stably stratified boundary-layer flow over a steep hill is simulated and compared against simulations and wind-tunnel measurements. 16,37 The wind-tunnel experiment was designed to represent realistic ABL flow over a two-dimensional steep hill. Wind-tunnel flows cannot fully resemble real ABL flow at full scale, and the Coriolis effect is negligible.…”

Section: Non-neutral Flow Over a Steep Hillmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8,11 Existing benchmark literature for non-neutral ABL flows mostly focuses on flat terrain, [12][13][14][15] and test cases for complex terrain are scarce. Ross et al 16 present a wind-tunnel study of neutral and stably stratified boundary-flow over a steep hill. The wind-tunnel experiment was designed to represent a realistic non-neutral ABL flow and analyses stability effects over terrain under controlled conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Computational Fluid Dynamics model of stratified atmospheric boundary‐layer flow

et al. 2013

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For wind resource assessment, the wind industry is increasingly relying on computational fluid dynamics models of the neutrally stratified surface‐layer. So far, physical processes that are important to the whole atmospheric boundary‐layer, such as the Coriolis effect, buoyancy forces and heat transport, are mostly ignored. In order to decrease the uncertainty of wind resource assessment, the present work focuses on atmospheric flows that include stability and Coriolis effects. The influence of these effects on the whole atmospheric boundary‐layer are examined using a Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes k‐ ε model. To validate the model implementations, results are compared against measurements from several large‐scale field campaigns, wind tunnel experiments, and previous simulations and are shown to significantly improve the predictions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Computational Domainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Non-neutral Flow Over a Steep Hillmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Computational Fluid Dynamics model of stratified atmospheric boundary‐layer flow

et al. 2013

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“…We also validated the model using wind tunnel measurements reported by Ross . The measurements are from an experiment that includes the effect of stability on wind flow.…”

Section: Validation Against Numerical and Laboratory Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Predicted (solid lines) and measured (circle symbols) normalized wind speeds from the Ross wind tunnel experiment, height above surface = 0.1 m (represents 100 m above ground level at full scale). Two different stratified flows, Stable 5 (blue) and Stable 2 (red) are shown.…”

Section: Validation Against Numerical and Laboratory Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling stable thermal stratification and its impact on wind flow over topography

Bleeg¹,

Digraskar²,

Woodcock³

et al. 2014

Wind Energy

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Microscale flow models used in the wind energy industry commonly assume statically neutral conditions. These models can provide reasonable wind speed predictions for statically unstable and neutral flows; however, they do not provide reliable predictions for stably stratified flows, which can represent a substantial fraction of the available energy at a given site. With the objective of improving wind speed predictions and in turn reducing uncertainty in energy production estimates, we developed a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)-based model of the stable boundary layer. We then applied this model to eight prospective wind farms and compared the results with on-site wind speed measurements classified using proxies for stability; the comparison also included results from linear and RANS wind flow models that assume neutral stratification. This validation demonstrates that a RANS-based model of the stable boundary layer can significantly and consistently improve wind speed predictions.In order to better predict statically stable flows, we developed a RANS model of the stable boundary layer; we refer to this model as the stable RANS model. The stable RANS model is implemented in STAR-CCM+ (CD-adapco Melville, NY USA), a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package from CD-adapco. 16 We used STAR-CCM+ as a 2 nd -order, implicit, incompressible RANS solver with k-ε turbulence closure to produce the results presented herein. The following describes the stable RANS model equations with a focus on how they differ from the equations solved in a typical neutral RANS wind flow analysis. The boundary conditions for the stable RANS calculations are also discussed in detail. * The term 'speedup' is used throughout this paper. A speedup refers to the average ratio of wind speed at a target meteorological mast to wind speed at a reference meteorological mast.† This finding is based on an analysis of 82 meteorological masts at 14 sites located in the US Great Plains. The mast heights ranged from 50 to 100 m; each mast had temperature sensors and anemometers at multiple heights.Modeling stable thermal stratification J. Bleeg et al.

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Accounting for vegetation height and wind direction to correct eddy covariance measurements of energy fluxes over hilly crop fields

et al. 2015

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As agricultural hilly watersheds are widespread throughout the world, there is a strong need for reliable estimates of land surface fluxes, especially evapotranspiration, over crop fields on hilly slopes. In order to obtain reliable estimates from eddy covariance (EC) measurements in such conditions, the current study aimed at proposing adequate planar fit tilt corrections that account for the combined effects of topography, wind direction, and vegetation height on airflow inclinations. EC measurements were collected within an agricultural hilly watershed in northeastern Tunisia, throughout the growth cycles of cereals, legumes, and pasture. The wind had two dominant directions that induced upslope and downslope winds. For upslope winds, the airflows were parallel to the slopes and slightly came closer to the horizontal plane when vegetation grew. For downslope winds, over fields located in the lee of the rim top, the airflows were almost horizontal over bare soil and came closer to the topographical slope when vegetation grew. We therefore adjusted the planar fit tilt correction on EC measurements according to vegetation height and by discriminating between upslope and downslope winds. This adjusted tilt correction improved the energy balance closure in most cases, and the obtained energy balance closures were similar to that reported in the literature for flat conditions. We conclude that EC data collected within crop fields on hilly slopes can be used for monitoring land surface fluxes, provided planar fit tilt corrections are applied in an appropriate manner.

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A comparison of wind-tunnel experiments and numerical simulations of neutral and stratified flow over a hill

Cited by 52 publications

References 29 publications

Computational Fluid Dynamics model of stratified atmospheric boundary‐layer flow

Computational Fluid Dynamics model of stratified atmospheric boundary‐layer flow

Modeling stable thermal stratification and its impact on wind flow over topography

Accounting for vegetation height and wind direction to correct eddy covariance measurements of energy fluxes over hilly crop fields

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