A compilation of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity data on aromatic aminosulphonic acids

Jung, Reinhard; Steinle, D.; Anliker, R.

doi:10.1016/0278-6915(92)90199-u

Cited by 50 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…Assim, existe grande possibilidade de que nem o corante ou seus metabólitos mostre potencial bioacumulação. Entretanto, os riscos crônicos destes tipos de corantes e intermediários levam em consideração suas propriedades carcinogênicas e mutagênicas 29,[32][33][34][35][36] . Nesta classe de corantes, o grupo que tem atraído maior atenção tem sido os corantes contendo a função azo-aromático como cromóforo, os quais constituem o maior grupo de corantes orgâ-nicos produzidos mundialmente.…”

Section: Aspectos Toxicológicosunclassified

Corantes têxteis

Guaratini¹,

Zanoni²

2000

Quím. Nova

265

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Recebido em 7/10/98; aceito em 31/3/99 TEXTILE DYES. A dye is a colored substance used to impart permanent color to other substances. Its most important use is in coloring textile fibers and fabrics. The removal of colour from dyehouse waste waters is currently a major problem in the textile sector. This paper provides an overview of the treatment technologies that can currently be used by the textile processor and the developments over the past decade with respect to the toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of synthetic organic dyes.

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Section: Aspectos Toxicológicosunclassified

Corantes têxteis

Guaratini¹,

Zanoni²

2000

Quím. Nova

265

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“…In a review by Jung et al (1992), a range of sulphonated aromatic amines was shown, in general, not to be associated with genotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Since both the sulphonated aromatic amine metabolites, (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since both the sulphonated aromatic amine metabolites, (i.e. naphthionic acid and 2-amino-1-naphtol-4-sulphonic acid) that could, in theory, be formed by azo reduction of Azorubine/Carmoisine, were included in the study, the Panel concludes that the data reviewed by Jung et al (1992) are sufficient to support the conclusion that the sulphonated aromatic amines, formed from Azorubine/Carmoisine by azo reduction, do not give reason for concern with respect to genotoxicity. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(11):1332…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Azorubine/Carmoisine (E 122) as a food additive

Aguilar¹,

Charrondière²,

Dusemund³

et al. 2009

EFSA Journal

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The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food provides a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of Azorubine/Carmoisine (E 122). Azorubine/Carmoisine has previously been evaluated by JECFA in 1983 and the SCF in 1984. Both committees established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-4 mg/kg bw/day. The Panel was not provided with a newly submitted dossier and based its evaluation on previous evaluations, additional literature that became available since then and the data available following a public call for data. New studies included a study reporting alterations in the morphology of somatic chromosomes in Secale cereale (rye), and a study by McCann et al. that concluded that exposure to mixtures including Azorubine/Carmoisine, resulted in increased hyperactivity in 3-years old and 8-to 9-years old children. The Panel notes that the study in rye was not a standard genotoxicity assay, and concluded, given that all other genotoxicity tests were negative and that Azorubine/Carmoisine does not contain a structural alert, that there is no concern with respect to genotoxicity. The Panel also concurs with the conclusion from a previous EFSA opinion on the McCann et al. study that the findings of the study cannot be used as a basis for altering the ADI. The Panel concludes that the present database does not give reason to revise the ADI of 4 mg/kg bw/day. The Panel also concludes that at the maximum reported levels of use, refined intake estimates are below the ADI, although in 1-to 10-year old children the high percentile of exposure (95 th ) can be slightly higher than the ADI at the upper end of the range. KEY WORDSAzorubine, Carmoisine, E 122, CAS 3567-69-9, CI Acid Red 14, CI Food Red 3, food colouring substance, EINECS number 222-657-4. The Panel noted that the specifications on the purity of Azorubine/Carmoisine permit concentrations of unidentified unsulphonated aromatic amines to be present in concentrations of up to 100 mg/kg Azorubine/Carmoisine. Although some aromatic amines may be associated with genotoxicity or even carcinogenicity, the Panel notes that Azorubine/Carmoisine was negative in in vitro genotoxicity studies and an in vivo genotoxicity study as well as in long-term carcinogenicity studies.The Panel concurs with the view expressed in previous evaluations by JECFA and TemaNord that the absorption of Azorubine/Carmoisine is limited, but that after reduction in the gastrointestinal tract, free sulphonated aromatic amines may reach the systemic circulation.The SCF and also the JECFA and TemaNord evaluations concluded, based on in vivo and in vitro studies available at that time, that Azorubine/Carmoisine does not show any genotoxic activity.In a more recent study, Zaharia and Pavel have tested four colourings, Tartrazine (E 102), Azorubine/Carmoisine (E 122), Patent Blue (E 131) and Acid Green 50 (E 142), on the frequency of divisional cells, mitotic index, mutagenic process, and the potential of these synthetic colourings to induce chromosomal modifications. Using cyt...

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“…En effet, la perméabilité cellulaire aux colorants dépend fortement de leur structure chimique et des ramifications qu'ils peuvent porter (WUHRMANN et al, 1980 La dégradation des colorants azoïques par des bactéries dans des conditions limitées ou dépourvues en oxygène présente l'inconvénient d'accumuler des azo-produits (amines) qui sont la plupart du temps très toxiques, voire carcinogènes (CHUNG et al, 1981;De FRANCE et al, 1986;JUNG et al, 1992;yAHAGI et al, 1975). L'oxydation des ces amines aromatiques par les bactéries nécessite la présence d'oxygène, qui est, comme on l'a vu, un facteur limitant de l'azoréduction.…”

Section: Décoloration Par Les Bactériesunclassified

Les colorants textiles sources de contamination de l’eau : CRIBLAGE de la toxicité et des méthodes de traitement

Mansour¹,

Boughzala

Dridi

et al. 2011

rseau

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Les colorants sont largement utilisés dans les imprimeries, les produits alimentaires, cosmétiques et cliniques, mais en particulier dans les industries textiles pour leur stabilité chimique et la facilité de leur synthèse et leur variété de couleurs. Cependant, ces colorants sont à l’origine de la pollution une fois évacués dans l’environnement. La production mondiale des colorants est estimée à plus de 800 000 t•an-1 et les colorants azoïques sont majoritaires et représentent 60-70 %. Compte tenu de la composition très hétérogène de ces derniers, leur dégradation conduit souvent à la conception d’une chaîne de traitement physique-chimique et biologique assurant l’élimination des différents polluants par étapes successives. Dés études ont montré que plusieurs colorants azoïques sont toxiques et mutagènes et le traitement biologique de ces colorants semble présenter un intérêt scientifique majeur. Les traitements physico-chimiques communs (adsorption, coagulation/floculation, précipitation etc.) sont couramment utilisés pour les effluents industriels. Malgré leur rapidité, ces méthodes se sont avérées peu efficaces compte tenu des normes exigées sur ces rejets. Le traitement biologique constitue une alternative fiable; en effet, plusieurs microorganismes sont capables de transformer les colorants azoïques en sous-produits incolores. Les bactéries dégradent les colorants azoïques en deux étapes : un clivage de liaison azo, par l’intermédiaire de l’azoréductase, suivi d’une oxydation des amines aromatiques formées lors de la première étape. L’azoréduction constitue alors une étape clé du traitement des effluents chargés de ces colorants.Dyes are widely used for industrial, printing, food, cosmetic and clinical purposes as well as textile dyeing because of their chemical stability, ease of synthesis, and versatility. Their stability, however, causes pollution once the dyes are released into the environment in effluents. More than 800,000 tons of dyes are annually produced worldwide, of which 60 to 70% are azo dyes. Considering the heterogeneous composition of these latter dyes, their degradation usually requires a chain of physical, chemical and biological treatments assuring the elimination of different pollutants in successive steps. In addition, some azo dyes are toxic and mutagenic and thus the biological treatment of these dyes is now of major scientific interest. Physical-chemical treatments (adsorption, coagulation/flocculation precipitation, etc.) are usually used for industrial effluents. In spite of their rapidity, these methods have turned out to be ineffective in attaining the standards required for these discharges. As a viable alternative, biological processes are receiving increasing interest owing to their cost effectiveness and their ability to produce less sludge. It has been found that some microorganisms can transform azo dyes into colourless products. Bacterial degradation of azo dyes is often initiated by an enzymatic biotransformation step that involves cleavage of azo linkages with the aid of...

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A compilation of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity data on aromatic aminosulphonic acids

Cited by 50 publications

References 50 publications

Corantes têxteis

Corantes têxteis

Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Azorubine/Carmoisine (E 122) as a food additive

Les colorants textiles sources de contamination de l’eau : CRIBLAGE de la toxicité et des méthodes de traitement

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