A compound ginseng stem leaf saponins and aluminium adjuvant enhances the potency of inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida vaccine in turbot

Identification and genomic analysis of a pathogenic circovirus associated with maricultured Scophthalmus maximus L. in China

“…The turbot, a species of significant economic importance within the global aquaculture industry, has experienced rapid growth in recent years. The intensification of farming practices, coupled with the regular translocation of turbot, has led to an increased incidence of emerging diseases within this species ( Gao et al, 2023 ; Ke et al, 2011 ; Shi et al, 2004 ; Sun et al, 2022 ). An emerging disease among farmed turbot populations has recently gained momentum in China, presenting a highly contagious and potentially devastating threat to the sustainability and expansion of the aquaculture industry.…”

“…Additionally, fluctuations in environmental parameters, such as temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure, are known to exacerbate the impact of the infection and may precipitate host mortality. At the same time, literature reports have shown that turbot can die on a large scale due to infection with common pathogens such as Edwardsiella piscicida ( Yin et al, 2020 ), Vibrio anguillarum ( Yang et al, 2018 ), Vibrio alginolyticus ( Cai et al 2022 ), and Aeromonas salmonicida ( Sun et al, 2022 ) in water bodies. In this study, we detected positive results for TurCV in almost all affected turbots, suggesting that the cause may be the less developed immune system of bony fish in comparison to that of poultry and mammals, along with a lack of effective countermeasures.…”

Potential Immunoregulatory Mechanism of Plant Saponins: A Review

“…Ginseng stem leaf saponins can also improve the activity of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in the lamina propria of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and induce the conversion of B lymphocytes into IgA plasmablasts, further maturing into IgA plasma cells and secreting IgA, thereby providing an effective mucosal immune response [ 99 ]. While IgM is detectable before antigen exposure and serves as an intrinsic defense mechanism preceding adaptive immunity, ginseng stem leaf saponins possess the capability to augment the production and secretion of IgM within the organism to a certain extent [ 100 , 101 ]. In summary, the utilization of saponin immunomodulators has been found to enhance humoral immune responses through the augmentation of immunoglobulin levels.…”

Current status and development prospects of aquatic vaccines

“…Aluminium adjuvants cause less tissue damage and few adverse immune reactions and hypersensitivity reactions and are considered safe adjuvants. Currently, most of the vaccines used in production are aluminium-adsorbed vaccines ( 350 ).…”