A Comprehensive Discussion in Vaginal Cancer Based on Mechanisms, Treatments, Risk Factors and Prevention

Abstract

Vaginal cancer is a rare and uncommon disease that is rarely discussed. Although vaginal cancer traditionally occurs in older postmenopausal women, the incidence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cancers is increasing in younger women. Cervical cancer cells contain high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 proteins and inhibiting HPV gene expression leads the cells to stop proliferating and enter senescence. As E6, and E7 protein promoted the carcinogenesis mechanism, and here not only regulate the cellular degradation of P53, and pRb but also enhances the cell proliferation along with E6 protein targets the p53 for breakdown and subsequently promote the apoptotic cell death, and DNA repair inhibition, that is indispensable to the continue the lifecycle of the HPV. As a synchronous or metachronous tumor, vaginal cancer is frequently found in combination with cervical cancer. It is uncertain what causes invasive female vaginal organ cancer. HPV type 16 is the most often isolated HPV type in female vaginal organ cancers. Due to cancer’s rarity, case studies have provided the majority of etiologic findings. Many findings demonstrate that ring pessaries, chronic vaginitis, sexual behavior, birth trauma, obesity, vaginal chemical exposure, and viruses are all risk factors. Because of insufficient understanding and disease findings, we are trying to find the disease’s mechanism with the available data. We also address different risk factors, therapy at various stages, diagnosis, and management of vaginal cancer in this review.

Primary Vaginal Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of Intestinal Type—Clinical, Radiological and Morphological Aspects

“…Our case has been "disease free" for 16 months, up until the time of manuscript submission. The recurrence rate of adenocarcinomas of the vagina is higher than that of vaginal squamous cell carcinoma, according to Baral et al [22].…”

“…For the first time, Soergel et al achieved sentinel lymph node dissection in a vaginal carcinoma case with the application of infrared fluorescence from indocyanine green and technetium-99 m nanocolloid [21]. Lymphatic metastatic spread of the adenocarcinoma may involve the pelvic, inguinal and supraclavicular nodes, while hematogenous spread is more common to the lungs (followed by liver and bones) and usually occurs late [22].…”

Ovarian preservation in gynecologic oncology: current indications and techniques

“…Most of vulvar and vaginal cancers are diagnosed in the postmenopausal age, with an estimate of about 20 and 15% of vulvar and vaginal cancers being diagnosed in women younger than 50 years, respectively [6,7], with an increase of number of cases over time [56]. There are very few reports in literature describing the fertility and the pregnancy outcomes in patients with early-stage [57] or with locally advanced vulvar cancer after radiation therapy [58,59].…”

“…Vulvar and vaginal cancers are rare gynecological malignancies primarily affecting postmenopausal women. It is estimated that about 20 and 15% of vulvar and vaginal cancers are diagnosed in women younger than 50 years of age, respectively [6,7].…”

Diabetes mellitus and the female reproductive system tumors

“…Важно отметить, что в настоящее время нет убедительных доказательств наличия прямой связи между СД и раком влагалища. Однако поскольку другие виды рака женской половой системы имеют сходные факторы риска с раком влагалища, вероятность такой связи существует для уточнения характера влияния СД на данный вид [ 60 ]. Необходимы дальнейшие исследования.…”