A comprehensive evaluation of the PRESAGE/optical‐CT 3D dosimetry system

Abstract

This work presents extensive investigations to evaluate the robustness (intradosimeter consistency and temporal stability of response), reproducibility, precision, and accuracy of a relatively new 3D dosimetry system comprising a leuco-dye doped plastic 3D dosimeter (PRESAGE) and a commercial optical-CT scanner (OCTOPUS 5x scanner from MGS Research, Inc). Four identical PRESAGE 3D dosimeters were created such that they were compatible with the Radiologic Physics Center (RPC) head-and-neck (H&N) IMRT credentialing phantom. Each dosimeter was irradiated with a rotationally symmetric arrangement of nine identical small fields (1 x 3 cm2) impinging on the flat circular face of the dosimeter. A repetitious sequence of three dose levels (4, 2.88, and 1.28 Gy) was delivered. The rotationally symmetric treatment resulted in a dose distribution with high spatial variation in axial planes but only gradual variation with depth along the long axis of the dosimeter. The significance of this treatment was that it facilitated accurate film dosimetry in the axial plane, for independent verification. Also, it enabled rigorous evaluation of robustness, reproducibility and accuracy of response, at the three dose levels. The OCTOPUS 5x commercial scanner was used for dose readout from the dosimeters at daily time intervals. The use of improved optics and acquisition technique yielded substantially improved noise characteristics (reduced to approximately 2%) than has been achieved previously. Intradosimeter uniformity of radiochromic response was evaluated by calculating a 3D gamma comparison between each dosimeter and axially rotated copies of the same dosimeter. This convenient technique exploits the rotational symmetry of the distribution. All points in the gamma comparison passed a 2% difference, 1 mm distance-to-agreement criteria indicating excellent intradosimeter uniformity even at low dose levels. Postirradiation, the dosimeters were all found to exhibit a slight increase in opaqueness with time. However, the relative dose distribution was found to be extremely stable up to 90 h postirradiation indicating excellent temporal stability. Excellent interdosimeter reproducibility was also observed between the four dosimeters. Gamma comparison maps between each dosimeter and the average distribution of all four dosimeters showed full agreement at the 2% difference, 2 mm distance-to-agreement level. Dose readout from the 3D dosimetry system was found to agree better with independent film measurement than with treatment planning system calculations in penumbral regions and was generally accurate to within 2% dose difference and 2 mm distance-to-agreement. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate excellent precision, accuracy, robustness, and reproducibility of the PRESAGE/optical-CT system for relative 3D dosimetry and support its potential integration with the RPC H&N credentialing phantom for IMRT verification.

Investigation of the feasibility of relative 3D dosimetry in the Radiologic Physics Center Head and Neck IMRT phantom using Presage/optical‐CT

“…4. Improvements in scanner hardware and acquisition technique 17 ͑improved fluid filtration and RI matching and improved acquisition parameters and prescan correction͒ reduced noise to ϳ2% ͑root mean squared error͒ and edge artefacts ͑4 mm from edge͒ as compared to earlier reports.…”

“…These include a coplanar open-beam treatment, 3 a highly modulated IMRT treatment, 4 and small field open-beam treatment, respectively. 17 Each verification experiment demonstrated excellent ͑4% dose difference and 4 mm DTA͒ agreement of Presage dose measurement with independent planar EBT film measurements as well as 3D dose calculations from the TPS after normalization ͑i.e., relative dose measurement͒. The present work, investigating the feasibility of relative dosimetry in a credentialing phantom represents a natural extension of these efforts.…”

“…The 3D dosimeter ͑PRESAGE™͒ has many favorable characteristics including linear radiochromic ͑light absorbing and not light scattering͒ response to radiation, [14][15][16] temporal stability of response for Ͼ90 h postirradiation, excellent robustness and reproducibility characteristics in 3D such as intradosimeter uniformity of response to within 2%, and interdosimeter reproducibility to within 2%. 17 To date, a step-by-step investigation into the feasibility of the Presage/optical-CT dosimetry system has been reported by our group. In the first step, extensive characterization of the dosimetric properties was reported on small volumes.…”

“…Radiochromic properties of Presage have been well characterized. 15,17 The formulation used in this study 17 had an effective Z number of 8.3, a physical density of 1.07 g / cm 3 , and a CT number of ϳ180. The radiochromic response was determined spectrophotometrically using cuvette irradiations and was found to be linear with sensitivity of 0.045 OD change per cm per Gy.…”

Dosimetry tools and techniques for IMRT

“…Recently, a promising new radiochromic material, PRESAGE, 223 has been introduced and detailed studies of the basic dosimetric properties have confirmed its promise for 3D dosimetry. 224 Principal advantages include relative insensitivity of dose response to atmospheric exposure and to the nature of radiochromic optical contrast that is light absorbing rather than light-scattering ͑peak OD change is at ϳ633 nm͒. The absorptive nature of the contrast is more amenable to accurate dose read-out by opticalcomputed-tomography optical-CT. [225][226][227] …”