A comprehensive perspective on a promising fuel for thermal engines: Syngas and its surrogates

Viggiano, Annarita; Magi, Vinicio

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99213-8.00001-1

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…For example, the laminar flame speed of NH 3 is limited to only 0.07 m/s [35], whereas that of gasoline is nearly 0.58 m/s. Therefore, incorporating gasoline into the mixture enhances flame propagation within the combustion chamber [25]. As mentioned earlier, SI engines rely on high-energy spark plug injection after compression to ignite the fuel.…”

Section: Combustion and Emission Of Nh 3 /Gasoline Si Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its cost-effectiveness, low carbon emissions, high efficiency, and safety make it a compelling choice to replace carbon-based energy sources. However, as NH 3 energy gains recognition, it is crucial to closely monitor pollutant emissions and the farreaching impacts of the nitrogen cycle on the global environment throughout NH 3 's life cycle, from nitrogen synthesis to final decomposition [24][25][26]. NH 3 fuel applications and emissions as shown in Figure 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of NH3 Fuel in Power Equipment and Its Impact on NOx Emissions

Hu,

Liu,

et al. 2024

Energies

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Due to high greenhouse gas emissions, countries worldwide are stepping up their emission reduction efforts, and the global demand for new, carbon-free fuels is growing. Ammonia (NH3) fuels are popular due to their high production volume, high energy efficiency, ease of storage and transportation, and increased application in power equipment. However, their physical characteristics (e.g., unstable combustion, slow flame speed, and difficult ignition) limit their use in power equipment. Based on the structural properties of the power equipment, NH3 fuel application and emissions characteristics were analyzed in detail. Combustion of NH3 fuels and reduction measures for NOx emissions (spark plug ignition, compression ignition, and gas turbines) were analyzed from various aspects of operating conditions (e.g., mixed fuel, fuel-to-exhaust ratio, and equivalence ratio), structure and strategy (e.g., number of spark plugs, compression ratio (CR), fuel injection, and ignition mode), and auxiliary combustion techniques (e.g., preheating, humidification, exhaust gas recirculation, and secondary air supply). The performance of various NH3 fuel cell (FC) types was analyzed, with a focus on the maximum power achievable for different electrolyte systems. Additionally, the application and NOx emissions of indirect NH3 FCs were evaluated under flame and catalytic combustion conditions. The system efficiency of providing heat sources by burning pure NH3, anode tail gas, and NH3 decomposition gas was also compared. Based on a comprehensive literature review, the key factors influencing the performance and emissions of NH3-powered equipment were identified. The challenges and limitations of NH3-powered equipment were summarized, and potential strategies for improving efficiency and reducing emissions were proposed. These findings provide valuable insights for the future development and application of NH3 FCs.

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Section: Combustion and Emission Of Nh 3 /Gasoline Si Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of NH3 Fuel in Power Equipment and Its Impact on NOx Emissions

Hu,

Liu,

et al. 2024

Energies

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“…In this context, hydrogen and syngas represent alternative fuels to conventional fossil fuels, with an increasingly important role in the development of highly efficient and low-emission propulsion and energy production systems, such as Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) or gas turbines [3][4][5][6][7][8]. Syngas is mainly composed of 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 and 𝐻𝐻 2 , but its composition depends significantly on both the source and the gasification process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Numerical Investigation on Laminar Flame Speed of Syngas in Air with Ozone Addition

D’Amato,

Magi,

Viggiano

2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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In the context of energy and propulsion systems, in recent years engineering research has increased its efforts to develop more efficient technologies with a lower environmental impact. Specifically, new combustion systems have been investigated, such as ultra-lean combustion and Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion, and sustainable fuels have been employed. With respect to the latter option, syngas and hydrogen have emerged as attractive choices. However, the low specific energy of syngas and the presence of diluents can cause flame failure and instability. On the other hand, it is well known that ozone-assisted combustion enhances the Laminar Flame Speed (LFS), reduces the ignition delay time, and improves the flame stabilization of fuels such as methane, n-heptane and iso-octane, since it affects the chemistry in the Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) regime. In this context, the aim of the present work is to evaluate the effect of ozone on the LFS of syngas/ozone/air mixtures. Specifically, 1-D simulations have been carried out to compute the LFS of CO/H2 and CO/H2/N2 syngas mixtures. The model has been validated against experimental data available in the scientific literature by considering four different reaction mechanisms. Then, the model has been used to perform a parametric analysis by considering different conditions in terms of syngas composition (three different CO/H2 ratios) and equivalence ratio (from 0.5 to 5). The results show that the addition of 2500 ppm of ozone in air results in an increase in LFS for all equivalence ratios examined. The four different mechanisms give comparable results in terms of LFS and LFS increase for CO/H2 syngas, and are also able to predict ozone effect on LFS enhancement for CO/H2/N2 mixtures. Finally, the results show that the influence of ozone, in terms of LFS percentage increase, is greater for CO/H2 ultra lean mixtures with a lower CO/H2 ratio.

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A comprehensive perspective on a promising fuel for thermal engines: Syngas and its surrogates

Cited by 2 publications

References 107 publications

Application of NH3 Fuel in Power Equipment and Its Impact on NOx Emissions

Application of NH3 Fuel in Power Equipment and Its Impact on NOx Emissions

A Numerical Investigation on Laminar Flame Speed of Syngas in Air with Ozone Addition

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