A Comprehensive Review: Inflammatory Bowel Disease And Its Global Perspective

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), represents a persistent gastrointestinal inflammatory condition. Initially labeled as a "Western disease," IBD was predominantly associated with Western lifestyles, but a shift in dietary and lifestyle patterns has led to a noticeable rise in Asian populations. The global prevalence of IBD reached 6.8 million cases in 2017, with a subsequent decrease to 4.9 million cases in 2019, showcasing a dynamic occurrence. The multifactorial pathogenesis involves genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and an aberrant immune response to the gut microbiota. IBD is classified into CD, affecting any part of the gastrointestinal tract, and UC, limited to the colon and rectum. A third category, IBD-unspecified (IBD-U), is utilized when the inflammation's origin is unclear. Complications, including strictures, fistulas, and colorectal cancer, emphasize the disease's severity. Treatment options range from aminosalicylates to biologics, with emerging therapies and a focus on the mucosal antibacterial barrier offering potential advancements. Global healthcare organizations, recognizing IBD as a global ailment, aim to summarize epidemiological patterns to guide interventions. In study on global burden of disease 40 million cases were reported, prevalence of more than 1 percent of total global incidence has been seen worldwide, 41.00 thousand deaths, and 1622.50 thousand DALYs globally in 2019. While advancements have been made, further research is crucial to improve prevention and treatment strategies. The shift in the pathogenic focus towards mucosal antibacterial barriers presents a potential avenue for future developments, offering hope for enhanced outcomes and improved quality of life for individuals affected by IBD