A Comprehensive Review on Advancements in Solar Still Desalination

Abstract

Despite Earth's vast water coverage, accounting for 70% of its surface, the escalating global population exacerbates the need for freshwater, creating significant strain on limited freshwater reserves. Desalination offers a promising solution, converting saline water into clean water for various applications. Among the various desalination technologies, solar stills stand out for their sustainability, utilizing solar energy for the desalination process. Through studies of various designs, researchers have pioneered novel techniques for improved productivity. This research article provides a comprehensive examination of active and passive solar stills, delineating their respective advantages and considerations in the context of solar desalination. It comprehensively analyses advancements in these technologies, particularly focusing on their productivity and efficiency in freshwater production. The article presents a detailed comparative analysis of various solar still designs and explores the factors influencing their efficiency. Additionally, it discusses modifications and innovative design strategies aimed at maximizing productivity and efficiency. Furthermore, the review explores advancements in solar desalination techniques using novel, high-performance materials. This discussion sheds light on how such materials can contribute to enhanced solar still efficiency. Ultimately, the article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors, designs, materials, and methodologies crucial for optimizing solar still productivity. By achieving unparalleled efficiency, affordability, and environmental responsibility, the technology of solar still desalination becomes a beacon of hope for a future where accessible clean water is a reality for everyone.