A comprehensive review on current COVID-19 detection methods: From lab care to point of care diagnosis

Abstract

Without a doubt, the current global pandemic affects all walks of our life. It affected almost every age group all over the world with a disease named COVID-19, declared as a global pandemic by WHO in early 2020. Due to the high transmission and moderate mortality rate of this virus, it is also regarded as the panic-zone virus. This potentially deadly virus has pointed up the significance of COVID-19 research. Due to the rapid transmission of COVID-19, early detection is very crucial. Presently, there are different conventional techniques are available for coronavirus detection like CT-scan, PCR, Sequencing, CRISPR, ELISA, LFA, LAMP. The urgent need for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective detection and the requirement to cut off shortcomings of traditional detection methods, make scientists realize to advance new technologies. Biosensors are one of the reliable platforms for accurate, early diagnosis. In this article, we have pointed recent diagnosis approaches for COVID-19. The review includes basic virology of SARS-CoV-2 mainly clinical and pathological features. We have also briefly discussed different types of biosensors, their working principles, and current advancement for COVID-19 detection and prevention.

Biosensors as Nano-Analytical Tools for COVID-19 Detection

“…False negative cases in PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection can be caused by a variety of factors. For starters, during the viral replication cycle, RNA can be degraded due to decreased stability, resulting in viral genome fragmentation in the circulation, which makes RT-PCR-based detection tough [ 21 , 26 ].…”

“…Additionally, the antibody tests for COVID-19 show very low sensitivity as compared to the PCR test [ 34 ]. Due to the presence of a homologous protein present in the sample, a lower titer value of the antibody or low instrumental sensitivity, this method may give false results [ 26 , 35 ].…”

“…Additionally, the antibody tests for COVID-19 show very low sensitivity as compared to the PCR test [34]. Due to the presence of a homologous protein present in the sample, a lower titer value of the antibody or low instrumental sensitivity, this method may give false results [26,35]. Despite the fact that these techniques are considered gold standards for clinical diagnosis due to their high sensitivity and specificity, they are part of centralized testing [36], which involves collecting samples from patients in a hospital and then sending them to another laboratory for analysis [37].…”

A Comprehensive Review about the Molecular Structure of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Insights into Natural Products against COVID-19

“…Additional components (probe) are added to situate a foundation that hybridized with the complementary cDNA segment for amplification. The single-step Taqman probe allows real-time quantitative monitoring of the PCR cycle [57]. Nucleic acid detection methods include real-time quantification of the viral genome, which depends on targeting specific regions of the viral genome.…”

“…The N protein binds to the viral RNA genome and interacts with M and E proteins, which assists the viral RNA packaging, assembly, and budding [55]. Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) revealed that the M, E, and N proteins for BAT-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 are highly conserved and, accordingly, considered as potential drug targets [15,56,57].…”