A comprehensive review on flavanones, the major citrus polyphenols

Khan, Muhammad Kamran; Zill-e-Huma,; Dangles, Olivier

doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2013.11.004

Cited by 371 publications

(276 citation statements)

References 214 publications

(212 reference statements)

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“…The identification of specific flavanones has grown dramatically over the past 20 y, from a handful of compounds to >400 naturally occurring isolates (102). Interestingly, flavanones are precursor molecules to the other flavonoids (102).…”

Section: Flavanonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Dietary Flavonoids on Reverse Cholesterol Transport, HDL Metabolism, and HDL function

Millar

Duclos

Blesso

2017

Advances in Nutrition

151

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Strong experimental evidence confirms that HDL directly alleviates atherosclerosis. HDL particles display diverse atheroprotective functions in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic processes. In certain inflammatory disease states, however, HDL particles may become dysfunctional and proatherogenic. Flavonoids show the potential to improve HDL function through their welldocumented effects on cellular antioxidant status and inflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize the basic science and clinical research examining the effects of dietary flavonoids on RCT and HDL function. Based on preclinical studies that used cell culture and rodent models, it appears that many flavonoids (e.g., anthocyanidins, flavonols, and flavone subclasses) influence RCT and HDL function beyond simple HDL cholesterol concentration by regulating cellular cholesterol efflux from macrophages and hepatic paraoxonase 1 expression and activity. In clinical studies, dietary anthocyanin intake is associated with beneficial changes in serum biomarkers related to HDL function in a variety of human populations (e.g., in those who are hyperlipidemic, hypertensive, or diabetic), including increased HDL cholesterol concentration, as well as HDL antioxidant and cholesterol efflux capacities. However, clinical research on HDL functionality is lacking for some flavonoid subclasses (e.g., flavanols, flavones, flavanones, and isoflavones). Although there has been a tremendous effort to develop HDL-targeted drug therapies, more research is warranted on how the intake of foods or specific nutrients affects HDL function. Adv Nutr 2017;8:226-39.

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Section: Flavanonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major flavanones, naringenin and hesperetin, are commonly found in tomatoes and citrus fruits, and are at their highest concentrations in the peels (102).…”

Section: Flavanonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Dietary Flavonoids on Reverse Cholesterol Transport, HDL Metabolism, and HDL function

Millar

Duclos

Blesso

2017

Advances in Nutrition

151

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“…Flavanones are distributed throughout the plant kingdom and are found in 42 plant families, both in aerial and belowground tissue. These compounds have been shown to possess radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive effects [21]. Flavanones in ashitaba, though less studied than the chalcones 1 and 2, have been studied most for their potential as chemopreventive agents [17].…”

Section: Flavanonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Medicinal Uses and Pharmacology of Ashitaba

Caesar

Cech

2016

Planta Med

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Medicinal plants are commonly employed for therapeutic purposes throughout the world. A recent National Health Interview Survey estimated that nearly 18 % of adults in the United States regularly took non-vitamin, non-mineral dietary supplements in 2012 [1]. Because of the popularity of herbal medicines, it is important to understand the chemical basis behind the purported activities of botanicals. Angelica, a member of the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family, is a large genus comprised of over 60 species. Members of the genus have been utilized as medicines across the world, most notably in Asia, to treat numerous ailments, including influenza, hepatitis, arthritis, indigestion, fever, and microbial infections [2]. An increasing number of studies are being conducted on a medicinally promising member of the genus, Angelica keiskei Koidzumi (Apiaceae), or ashitaba. This large leafy perennial plant native to the Pacific coast of Japan is used throughout Asia for its diuretic, laxative, stimulant, and galactagogue properties [3]. In the past decade, several active constituents representing chalcones, flavanones, and coumarins have been isolated and characterized from ashitaba, and several bioactiv-ities have been described. This review presents the current progress on ashitaba pharmacological studies, with a focus on isolated secondary metabolites, biological activity, toxicological data, and clinical relevance. Bioactive Metabolites Isolated from Ashitaba ! Chalcones Most of the literature on the bioactive metabolites from ashitaba concerns the diverse activity of various chalcones (l " Table 1 and Fig. 1), which are most abundant in the root bark of the plant [4]. Chalcones are formed from phenylpropanoid starter units, extended with three malonyl-CoA molecules. The resulting polyketide is folded by the enzyme chalcone synthase to promote Claisen condensations and subsequent enolizations [5]. Interestingly, the bioactive chalcones found in ashitaba are prenylated at the 5′-position (l " Fig. 1), indicating that these molecules have undergone multiple biosynthetic steps, travelling through the acetate, shikimate, and isoprenoid pathways.

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“…Flavonoids 1-10 were previously isolated from sweet oranges (C. sinensis). [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] The total concentration of flavonoids in the sample analyzed was 160.0 mg mL -1 and it was injected 20 times , respectively. This study showed the high quality and potential of the Brazilian CFPW considering the investigated compounds, which could serve as an inexpensive and readily available source of polymethoxylated flavonoids.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Environmentally Friendly Procedure to Obtain Flavonoids From Brazilian Citrus Waste

Bellete¹,

Ramin²,

Porto³

et al. 2018

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Currently, most food waste is used as animal feed and this process does not take advantage of the available chemical composition. A Brazilian example is the citrus fruit processing wastes (CFPW), which have begun to draw attention due to their biological importance. In order to access the main compounds of this matrix, an efficient and environmentally friendly procedure was tested. From this extract, flavonoids as naringenin, hesperitin, chrysoeriol, sinensetin, 3,5,6,7,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, nobiletin, 5-methoxysalvigenin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone, 3,5,6,7,4'-pentamethoxyflavone and isosakuranetin were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance (LC-NMR). This study describes the potential use of citrus waste as a source of biologically active compounds. The extraction method proposed for this work was not expensive and the flavonoids were obtained in large amounts, thus, this extraction method is being developed using pilot plant scale-up techniques and will soon be available to the industry at a low cost.

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A comprehensive review on flavanones, the major citrus polyphenols

Cited by 371 publications

References 214 publications

Effects of Dietary Flavonoids on Reverse Cholesterol Transport, HDL Metabolism, and HDL function

Effects of Dietary Flavonoids on Reverse Cholesterol Transport, HDL Metabolism, and HDL function

A Review of the Medicinal Uses and Pharmacology of Ashitaba

An Environmentally Friendly Procedure to Obtain Flavonoids From Brazilian Citrus Waste

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