A Comprehensive Review on Melatonin Compound and its Functions in Different Fungi and Plants

Abstract

This study summarizes the importance of melatonin in different plants and fungi. In this review, we discussed the biosynthetic pathway of melatonin, its metabolites, and its oxidative reduction. Melatonin is a molecule derived from tryptophan, with pleiotropic activity. It is present in nearly every organism. Its synthetic course depends on the organism in which it resides. The tryptophan to the melatonin pathway, for example, varies in plants and animals. It is thought that the synthetic mechanism for melatonin was inherited in eukaryotes from bacteria caused by endosymbiosis. Nevertheless, the synthetic pathways of melatonin in microorganisms are unknown. The metabolism of melatonin is exceptionally complex with these enzymatic processes developed out of cytochrome C. As well as the enzymatic degradation, melatonin is metabolized by interactive pseudoenzymes and free radicals processes.

Melatonin: The Multifaceted Molecule in Plant Growth and Defense

“…MEL also plays a significant role in the protection of plants from various fungal diseases. The antifungal effects of MEL in plants have been studied in several species, and the results suggest that MEL enhances plant resistance against fungal pathogens [ 134 ]. MEL triggers the production of defense-related compounds, such as phytoalexins, antimicrobial peptides, and pathogenesis-related proteins [ 135 , 136 ].…”

Role of Melatonin in Directing Plant Physiology

“…Furthermore, MT controls the AsA-GSH cycle, which is essential for ROS detoxification, and enzymes like APX, MDHAR, DHAR, and GR were involved in the regulation of this cycle [84]. Rehman et al [85] explained that MT effectively scavenges ROS by increasing the activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPX), which scavenges lipid peroxides, hydroperoxides, and H 2 O 2 under stress.…”

A Comprehensive Review on Cytoskeletal Organization and Its Interaction with Polysaccharides and Enzymes during Primary Cell Wall Development

“…OsDRP2B, a gene related to dynamin, was found to be mutated in rice at the brittle culm 3 mutant locus and is likely essential for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. OsCESA4 protein accumulation is reduced in rice culm 3 mutants, but OsDRP2B overexpression increases OsCESA4 protein accumulation in plasma membrane [120]. Proof for endocytosis emerged from in vitro and yeasttwo hybrid experiments that showed that CESA interacts with the medium subunit of ADAPTER PROTEIN COMPLEX 2 (AP2M) in clathrinmediated endocytosis.…”

“…Disorders in cell wall growth and the production of cytokinesis stubs have been found in mutants [131]. The cell plate accumulates CSLD5 in the form of punctate structures [132]. Mannans or xylans may be the cell wall substance that this enzyme generates [133].…”