A Comprehensive Review on Recent Advances in the Research on Bacterial Leaf Spot in Tomato Caused by Xanthomonas Species

Abstract

The bacterial leaf spot (BLS) is a devastating tomato disease affected by the following Xanthomonas species: X. campestris pv. Vesicatoria, X. euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. perforans, and X. gardner. Dark lesions and yellow halos on the fruits and foliage are symptoms. The BLS pathogens are widespread in subtropical and tropical areas. Pathogens can be detected using a variety of techniques, most notably a mix of classical and molecular methodologies. Conventional techniques rely on microscopic and culture observation, but Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multilocus sequence analysis are obtainable. Control of BLS is problematic because of the infections extensive genetic variety, an absence of durable host resistance, and the ineffectiveness of chemical management. Various bicontrol agents, such as bacteriophage, bacteria and fungi have been documented. Including sustained host resistance is an essential component of continuing integrated BLS management. This review involved state of BLS in tomato comprising its prevalence, pathogen profiles, investigative tools, disease control and resistance development in plant.