A comprehensive review on the photocatalysis of Congo red dye for wastewater treatment

Abstract

Congo red (CR) dye, due to its structural stability and non-degradable nature, is hazardous for humans and the aquatic environment. Among various methods used for degradation of CR, photocatalysis have been widely reported as a cost effective and environment-friendly method. Besides, extensive studies have been carried out regarding the use of nanomaterial-based photocatalyst for degradation of CR. This review describes the basics of photocatalysis along with the factors affecting the process, mechanism, and kinetics in detail. Additionally, literature related to synthetic and bio-based stabilizing mediums in photocatalytic assemblies have been arranged in a systematic manner. Advanced hybrid materials, i.e., metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have also been described briefly. Future directions are discussed to address existing shortcomings in this field and also to expand research in this area.

Integrated Ozonation Ni-NiO/Carbon/g-C3N4 Nanocomposite-Mediated Catalytic Decomposition of Organic Contaminants in Wastewater under Visible Light

“…The type and toxicity levels of pollutants depend on the effluents, compounds, and their concentration in the water [ 6 , 7 ]. Congo red (CR) and Alizarin Red S (ARS) dyes are used for different purposes and discharged into the environment [ 8 , 9 ]. The release of both dyes into water bodies can contaminate the water, leading to poor water quality, toxic impacts on aquatic organisms, and, ultimately, danger to human health and the ecosystem [ 10 , 11 ].…”