A Comprehensive Review on the Role of Various Materials in the Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells with a Special Focus on the Association of Heat Shock Proteins and Nanoparticles

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have important roles in the area of regenerative medicine and clinical applications due to their pluripotent nature. Osteogenic differentiation of MSCs has been studied extensively using various stimulants to develop models of bone repair. There are several factors that enhance the differentiation of MSCs into bone tissues. This review focuses on the effects of various inducers on the osteoblast differentiation of MSCs at different stages of cellular development. We discuss the various growth factors, hormones, vitamins, cytokines, chemical stimulants, and mechanical forces applied in bioreactors that play an essential role in the proliferation, differentiation, and matrix mineralization of stem cells during osteogenesis. Various nanoparticles have also been used recently for the same purpose and the results are promising. Moreover, we review the role of various stresses, including thermal stress, and the subsequent involvement of heat shock proteins as inducers of the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. We also report how various proteasome inhibitors have been shown to induce proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in a number of cases. In this communication, the role of peptide-based scaffolds in osteoblast proliferation and differentiation is also reviewed. Based on the reviewed information, this article proposes novel possibilities for the enhancement of proliferation, differentiation, and migration of osteoblasts from MSCs.

Size-dependent Effects of Gold Nanoparticles on Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Progenitor Cells

“…During the process of osteogenic differentiation, the osteogenic genes are expressed at different stages. Runx2 is widely accepted as a key transcription factor for the initiation of osteogenesis that induces the expression of other genes, such as ALP and COL1 at an early stage and OPN and OCN at a late stage 36, 37. Therefore, the influences of AuNPs on Runx2 and ALP started earlier.…”

Phosphate graphene as an intrinsically osteoinductive scaffold for stem cell-driven bone regeneration

“…At this time point, hMSCs were expressing ALP, a phenotypic marker of osteoblasts, indicating that hMSCs were already committed to the osteoblastic lineage. Since it is during the early stages of osteogenic differentiation that the potent growth factor BMP-2 serves to activate RUNX-2, which is considered the principle osteogenic master switch (36)(37)(38), it is likely that peak expression of these osteogenic genes has already passed. Type I collagen is a target of RUNX-2 (36)(37)(38), and optical imaging confirmed that, after 14 d, cells were confluent and already generated a substantial amount of extracellular matrix.…”

Mesenchymal stem cells derived from inflamed dental pulpal and gingival tissue: a potential application for bone formation

“…Recently, some studies have focused on a possible link between proinflammatory cytokines, bone formation, and various heat shock proteins (HSPs). Inflammation and hypoxic conditions induce the expression of several HSPs engaged in protein folding and actin cytoskeletal organization [ 34 – 36 ]. The actin polymerization remodeling is a fundamental process during lineage-specific differentiation; in this context, Chen et al showed that the inhibition of main actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs) enhance osteoblastic differentiation in human stromal stem cells [ 36 ].…”