A comprehensive review on waste valorization of cashew nutshell liquid: Sustainable development and industrial applications

Kyei, Sampson Kofi; Eke, William Iheanyi; Nagre, R. D.; Mensah, Isaac; Akaranta, Onyewuchi

doi:10.1016/j.clwas.2023.100116

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Therefore, it becomes crucial to find effective and profitable solutions for CNS waste management in the context of the growth of cashew production, global concerns regarding sustainability, circular economy, and the Sustainable Development Goals. Current research on cashew nut processing mainly concentrates on kernel and pseudo-fruit production and applications (Oliveira et al 2020;Chen et al 2023), CNSL extraction and valorization (Kyei et al 2023), as well as testa utilization (Sruthi and Naidu 2023). However, CNS management receives less attention despite its promising physical, chemical, and thermal properties (Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the potential of cashew nutshells: A critical review of alternative applications

Cruz,

Maranon,

Hernandez

et al. 2024

BioRes

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The production of cashew nuts has been increasing globally, leading to a greater volume of waste materials that require proper management. Nevertheless, cashew nutshells (CNS), currently considered waste by most processors, offer a noteworthy opportunity for alternative applications owing to their distinct physical, chemical, and thermal properties. This article reviews alternative applications for CNS that can leverage these properties, while evaluating research gaps. The potential uses are classified into three categories: material development, energy production, and substance absorption. In the materials segment, various examples are discussed where CNS serves as raw material to synthesize biopolymers, cementitious materials, and a broad range of composites. The energy production section discusses various processes that utilize CNS, including pyrolysis, gasification, and briquette production. The absorption section presents CNS and activated carbon derived from CNS as effective absorbents for liquid-phase and gas-phase applications. While this review highlights numerous research-level possibilities for CNS utilization, only a few of these options have been implemented within the industry. Consequently, further research is essential, particularly in CNS characterization, economic and environmental assessment, and real-life implementation, to broaden and enhance the integration of this biomass into applications that can contribute to the value of both its production and processing chain.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the potential of cashew nutshells: A critical review of alternative applications

Cruz,

Maranon,

Hernandez

et al. 2024

BioRes

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“…In general, one of the major bottlenecks is the purification of CNSL into individual constituents. Therefore, various synthetic and material utilities or applications [53] of this phenolic waste involve its usage either as saturated cardanol (with reduced alkylene chain) or unpurified CNSL (Figure 1a) [13,54,55]. Using CNSL (as received) affects the reproducibility of data, as the weight ratio of each component varies depending on the geographical origin of the cashew tree.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of Cardanol Fractions from Cashew Nutshell Liquid (CNSL): A Sustainable Approach

Bhatia,

Amarnath,

Rastogi

et al. 2024

Sustainable Chemistry

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Exploring sustainable approaches to replace petroleum-based chemicals is an ongoing challenge in reducing the carbon footprint. Due to the complexity and percentage variation in nature-generated molecules, which further varies based on geographical origin and the purification protocol adopted, a better isolation strategy for individual components is required. Agrowaste from the cashew industry generates phenolic lipid (cardanol)-rich cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) and has recently shown extensive commercial utility. Cardanol naturally exists as a mixture of three structurally different components with C15-alkylene chains: monoene, diene, and triene. The separation of these three fractions has been a bottleneck and is crucial for certain structural designs and reproducibility. Herein, we describe the gram-scale purification of cardanol into each component using flash column chromatography within the sustainability framework. The solvent used for elution is recovered and reused after each stage (up to 82%), making it a cost-effective and sustainable purification strategy. This simple purification technique replaces the alternative high-temperature vacuum distillation, which requires substantial energy consumption and poses vacuum fluctuation and maintenance challenges. Three components (monoene 42%, diene 22%, and triene 36%) were isolated with good purity and were fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, GC-MS, HPLC, and FTIR spectroscopy. The present work demonstrates that greener and simpler strategies pave the way for the isolation of constituents from nature-sourced biochemicals and unleash the potential of CNSL-derived fractions for high-end applications.

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“…In addition, cashews contain a large amount of vitamins and minerals [13]. The fatty acid content of cashews can control cholesterol [14] and selenium has been shown to be antioxidants [15], participation in thyroid metabolism [16], and bioactivity in cancer prevention [17]. Cookies are a form of food that is easy to carry and is generally preferred by all circles of society [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Oven Temperature on the Chemical Quality of Cookies Made from Cashew Nut Waste Flour

Arifan,

Hidayah,

Susanti

et al. 2024

E3S Web Conf.

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Cashew nuts are the seeds at the very end of the fruit of the cashew plant (Anacardium occidentale Linn). The cashew plant produces fruit consisting of two parts, namely pseudo-fruit and true fruit. Pseudo-fruit is a fruit stalk (penduculus) that is fleshy and contains elements of protein, sugar, fat, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins (A, B and C). The part of the fruit that produces cashews is a true fruit shaped like a kidney embedded at the end of a pseudo-fruit, green to brown, consisting of three layers, namely the hard skin layer (pericarp) consisting of epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp, epidermis layer (teste), and cashew seed layer (kernel). Cookies are a form of food that is easy to carry and is generally preferred by all circles of society. Cashew nut pulp has not been processed properly even though it can be used as a processed food ingredient that has many benefits. This research method uses factorial design 32 with data analysis using ANOVA. The novelty of this study is the use of cashew pulp flour with bleach modification as an ingredient in making cookies. This study aims to test the chemical quality of cookies from cashew nut pulp flour with oven temperature optimization. The chemical quality analyzed is in the form of protein content. It was found that the addition of cashew pulp flour had a significant effect on the protein content of cashew pulp cookies.

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A comprehensive review on waste valorization of cashew nutshell liquid: Sustainable development and industrial applications

Cited by 15 publications

References 83 publications

Exploring the potential of cashew nutshells: A critical review of alternative applications

Exploring the potential of cashew nutshells: A critical review of alternative applications

Isolation of Cardanol Fractions from Cashew Nutshell Liquid (CNSL): A Sustainable Approach

Optimization of Oven Temperature on the Chemical Quality of Cookies Made from Cashew Nut Waste Flour

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