A Comprehensive Review on Wireless Technologies and their Issues with Underwater Communications

Gadagkar, Akhilraj V.; Chandavarkar, B. R.

doi:10.1109/icccnt51525.2021.9579572

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Sensor nodes in UAWSNs have limited battery life and it is infeasible and expensive to replace nodes' batteries [13]. Therefore, harvesting energy for sensor nodes provides a number of advantages [14] [15] [16] [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Harvesting in Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks: Design, Taxonomy, Applications, Challenges and Future Directions

et al. 2022

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In underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks (UAWSNs), energy harvesting either enhances the lifetime of a network by increasing the battery power of sensor nodes or ensures battery-less operation of nodes. This, in effect, results in sustainable and reliable operation of the network deployed for various underwater applications. This work provides a survey of the energy harvesting techniques for UAWSNs. Our work is unique than the existing work on underwater energy harvesting in that it includes state-of-the art techniques designed in the last decade. It analyzes every harvesting scheme in terms of its main idea, merits, demerits and the extent of the harvested power (energy). The description of the merits results in selection of the suitable scheme for the suitable underwater applications. The demerits of the addressed schemes provide an insight to their future enhancement and improvement. Moreover, the harvested techniques are classified into various categories depending upon the involved energy harvesting mechanism and compared based on the maximum and minimum amount of harvested power, which helps in selection of the suitable category keeping in view the power budget of an underwater network before deployment. The challenges in energy harvesting and in UAWSNs are described to provide an insight to them and to address them for further enhancement in the harvested extent. Finally, research directions are specified for future investigation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Harvesting in Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks: Design, Taxonomy, Applications, Challenges and Future Directions

et al. 2022

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“…In this scenario, underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) in the blue and green region of wavelengths plays a vital role in pursuing this objective, albeit while supporting relatively short distances, allowing for the development of low-cost, low-latency, high-bandwidth, and high-robustness transmission systems, which find relevant applications [ 3 ]. Other concurrent wireless technologies for use underwater are acoustic and radio-frequency communications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The former one, despite providing long-distance transmission, suffers from low bandwidth and signal distortion due to the Doppler effect, and it is also affected by multi-path propagation that leads to inter-symbol interference. The latter is limited in bandwidth due to the scarcely available spectrum and also severely degraded by the attenuation resulting from the high conductivity and permittivity of saline water [ 3 ]. Hence, these two technologies fall short of accommodating applications that require high-speed communications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Misalignment-Resilient Propagation Model for Underwater Optical Wireless Links

Araujo

Tavares

Marques

et al. 2022

Sensors

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This paper proposes a multiple-lens receiver scheme to increase the misalignment tolerance of an underwater optical wireless communications link between an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) and a sensor plane. An accurate model of photon propagation based on the Monte Carlo simulation is presented which accounts for the lens(es) photon refraction at the sensor interface and angular misalignment between the emitter and receiver. The results show that the ideal divergence of the beam of the emitter is around 15° for a 1 m transmission length, increasing to 22° for a shorter distance of 0.5 m but being independent of the water turbidity. In addition, it is concluded that a seven-lense scheme is approximately three times more tolerant to offset than a single lens. A random forest machine learning algorithm is also assessed for its suitability to estimate the offset and angle of the AUV in relation to the fixed sensor, based on the power distribution of each lens, in real time. The algorithm is able to estimate the offset and angular misalignment with a mean square error of 5 mm (6 mm) and 0.157 rad (0.174 rad) for a distance between the transmitter and receiver of 1 m and 0.5 m, respectively.

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“…It is not common to find studies on radio technologies for underwater environments. The main reason is that it is a difficult environment for electromagnetic waves, which cannot propagate over long distances due to the conductivity of water [1][2][3][4][5], unlike in free space. However, it would be a pity not to study the possibilities offered by radio waves in an underwater environment, especially considering the exceptional sensitivity performance offered by the latest radio modems or software-defined radios.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-Range Submarine Radio System for Localization of Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicles and Cave Divers in Fresh Water

Troesch

Vena

Ropars³

et al. 2021

RSL

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This article presents the study of a new RF device operating in the high-frequency band for underwater localization of scuba divers and the development of exploration robots in karstic environments. The system, composed of a conductive breadcrumb thread connected to a signal generator for transmission and a mobile receiver based on a software-defined radio, is validated by experimental measurements in a real environment.

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A Comprehensive Review on Wireless Technologies and their Issues with Underwater Communications

Cited by 7 publications

References 20 publications

Energy Harvesting in Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks: Design, Taxonomy, Applications, Challenges and Future Directions

Energy Harvesting in Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks: Design, Taxonomy, Applications, Challenges and Future Directions

Misalignment-Resilient Propagation Model for Underwater Optical Wireless Links

Short-Range Submarine Radio System for Localization of Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicles and Cave Divers in Fresh Water

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