A Comprehensive Study on the Expansion of Electric Vehicles in Europe

Abstract

There has been a rapid increase in government efforts to expand electric vehicle markets by deploying fast-charging stations, promoting uptake through greater investment, and by enacting supportive policies. Government support and private investment have contributed to the expansion of electric vehicles in many countries. The aim of this study is to highlight and analyze the most critical aspects of the expansion of the electric vehicle market, regarding technologies, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, opportunities, and barriers in Europe. Our study analyzes the progress of electric vehicles by reviewing recent literature based on technology, policy, and government measurements. This study provides comprehensive information on electric vehicles and perspectives that are critical to policymakers, car manufacturers, consumers, and the community. To achieve favorable results, governments should invest in developing electric vehicles and battery technologies, provide subsidies, and develop charging infrastructure. Furthermore, by analyzing current EV sales in ten countries around the world, we assess the operating costs of electric vehicles. Overall EV cost of ownership is influenced by grid electricity price, cost of financing, location, carbon tax, wind speed, and solar insolation.

Evaluating battery electric vehicle usage in the EU: A comparative study based on member state energy mixes

“…As electric vehicles are on a continuous and rapid rise, questions regarding the sustainability of their usage are gaining more attention. After China, Europe has the second-largest electric vehicle stock, with an impressive growth rate of 64.3 % in 2021 [ 38 ] and 15 % in 2022 [ 39 ]. The growth is projected to be exponential in the near future [ [39] , [40] , [41] ], giving a rapidly increasing proportion of BEVs among all passenger cars.…”

Effect of Crumb Rubber on the Moisture and Rutting Behavior of Low-Energy Asphalt and Determining the Best Flow Number Model

“…In addition, other failures of LEA mixtures containing CR and nanomaterials can be investigated [49,50]. Te use of electric vehicles and clean fuels can also help reduce the carbon footprint in the pavement industry [51][52][53]. In addition, other statistical analyses can be incorporated with the proposed approaches [54][55][56].…”

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Renewable Energy Systems with a Backup to Provide a Part of Electrical Needs of a Hospital: A Case Study in Grid-connected Mode

“…Access to constant and stable electricity is crucial for the effective and efficient performance of medical equipment [1,2]. Due to technical and operational issues in Iran's national electricity grid, it is not always feasible to rely on urban electricity for hospital equipment [3]. Therefore, hospitals should have electrical backup equipment available for each electronic device used, given their significance.…”