A Comprehensive Survey for Polymorphisms in the Bovine IFN-<i>γ</i>Gene Reveals a Highly Polymorphic Intronic DNA Sequence Allowing Improved Genotyping of Bovinae

Schmidt, Peter J.; Kühn, Christa; Maillard, Jean‐Charles; Pitra, Christian; Tiemann, Ute; Weikard, Rosemarie; Schwerin, Manfred

doi:10.1089/10799900260286632

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…It is possible, therefore, that Channel Island cow breeds have a lesser ability to mount an immune response effective at clearing MAP infection. Indeed, genomic variation within the IFN-γ gene may account for differences between breeds ( 47 ). From a purely practical point of view, potentially more stringent MAP-related management practices should be considered in herds containing Channel Island breeds to minimize JD transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is TB Testing Associated With Increased Blood Interferon-Gamma Levels?

et al. 2017

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The Republic of Ireland reports a relatively low prevalence of Johne’s disease (JD) compared to international counterparts. Postulated reasons for this include a lower average herd size and a grass-based production system. Ireland also engages in high levels of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) testing. As interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is believed to play a key role in protecting against JD, it is our hypothesis that administration of purified protein derivative (PPD), as part of the bTB test, is associated with a systemic increase in IFN-γ production, which may potentially limit clinical progression of the disease. We studied 265 cows (202 Friesian and 63 “Non-Friesian,” e.g., JerseyX, Norwegian Red) to assess IFN-γ levels and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) antibody response before and after the bTB test. As part of the compulsory annual bTB test, avian and bovine PPD were administered at two separate cervical sites. To assess IFN-γ production, blood samples were taken before and 72 h after PPD administration. MAP antibody response was assessed before and 10 days post-PPD administration. A significant increase in MAP antibody response was identified post-bTB compared to pre-bTB response (p < 0.001). Additionally, IFN-γ production significantly increased at the post-bTB time point (p < 0.001) compared to the pre-bTB test readings. This may indicate a beneficial effect of bTB testing in controlling JD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is TB Testing Associated With Increased Blood Interferon-Gamma Levels?

et al. 2017

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“…Similar compilations would be of immense value for livestock. However, there is limited information on the extent of polymorphism of candidates, such as cytokine genes and their receptors, in cattle (Agaba et al, 1996;Grosse et al, 1999;Heaton et al, 2001a, b;Schmidt et al, 2002). Coussens and Nobis (2002) have reported a web-accessible resource for cattle for 270 bovine immune-related genes with real-time PCR primer sequences (http://gowhite.ans.msu.edu/pub-lic_php/gd-bovine-immunology.php).…”

Section: Genomics and Bioinformaticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variation and responses to vaccines

Glass

2004

Anim. Health. Res. Rev.

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Disease is a major source of economic loss to the livestock industry. Understanding the role of genetic factors in immune responsiveness and disease resistance should provide new approaches to the control of disease through development of safe synthetic subunit vaccines and breeding for disease resistance. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been an important candidate locus for immune responsiveness studies. However, it is clear that other loci play an important role. Identifying these and quantifying the relative importance of MHC and non-MHC genes should result in new insights into host-pathogen interactions, and information that can be exploited by vaccine designers. The rapidly increasing information available about the bovine genome and the identification of polymorphisms in immune-related genes will offer potential candidates that control immune responses to vaccines. The bovine MHC, BoLA, encodes two distinct isotypes of class II molecules, DR and DQ, and in about half the common haplotypes the DQ genes are duplicated and expressed. DQ molecules are composed of two polymorphic chains whereas DR consists of one polymorphic and one non-polymorphic chain. Although, it is clear that MHC polymorphism is related to immune responsiveness, it is less clear how different allelic and locus products influence the outcome of an immune response in terms of generating protective immunity in outbred animals. A peptide derived from foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was used as a probe for BoLA class II function. Both DR and DQ are involved in antigen presentation. In an analysis of T-cell clones specific for the peptide, distinct biases to particular restriction elements were observed. In addition inter-haplotype pairings of DQA and DQB molecules produced functional molecules, which greatly increases the numbers of possible restriction elements, compared with the number of genes, particularly in cattle with duplicated DQ genes. In a vaccine trial with several peptides derived from FMDV, BoLA class II DRB3 polymorphisms were correlated with both protection and non-protection. Although variation in immune responsiveness to the FMDV peptide between different individuals is partly explainable by BoLA class II alleles, other genetic factors play an important role. In a quantitative trait locus project, employing a second-generation cross between Charolais and Holstein cattle, significant sire and breed effects were also observed in T-cell, cytokine and antibody responses to the FMDV peptide. These results suggest that both MHC and non-MHC genes play a role in regulating bovine immune traits of relevance to vaccine design. Identifying these genes and quantifying their relative contributions is the subject of further studies.

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Genomic expansion of the Bov-A2 retroposon relating to phylogeny and breed management

et al. 2007

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Bov-A2 is a retroposon that is widely distributed among the genomes of ruminants (e.g., cow, deer, giraffe, pronghorn, musk deer, and chevrotain). This retroposon is composed of two monomers, called Bov-A units, which are joined by a linker sequence. The structure and origin of Bov-A2 has been well characterized but a genome-level exploration of this retroposon has not been implemented. In this study we performed an extensive search for Bov-A2 using all available genome sequence data on Bos taurus. We found unique Bov-A2-derived sequences that were longer than Bov-A2 due to amplification of three to six Bov-A units arranged in tandem. Detailed analysis of these elongated Bov-A2-derived sequences revealed that they originated through unequal crossing-over of Bov-A2. We found a large number of these elongated Bov-A2-derived sequences in cattle genomes, indicating that unequal crossing-over of Bov-A2 occurred very frequently. We found that this type of elongation is not observed in wild bovine and is therefore specific to the domesticated cattle genome. Furthermore, at specific loci, the number of Bov-A units was also polymorphic between alleles, implying that the elongation of Bov-A units might have occurred very recently. For these reasons, we speculate that genomic instability in bovine genomes can lead to extensive unequal crossing-over of Bov-A2 and levels of polymorphism might be generated in part by repeated outbreeding.

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A Comprehensive Survey for Polymorphisms in the Bovine IFN-γGene Reveals a Highly Polymorphic Intronic DNA Sequence Allowing Improved Genotyping of Bovinae

Cited by 8 publications

References 46 publications

Is TB Testing Associated With Increased Blood Interferon-Gamma Levels?

Is TB Testing Associated With Increased Blood Interferon-Gamma Levels?

Genetic variation and responses to vaccines

Genomic expansion of the Bov-A2 retroposon relating to phylogeny and breed management

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