A Comprehensive Survey on Hierarchical-Based Routing Protocols for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks: Review, Taxonomy, and Future Directions

Sabor, Nabil; Sasaki, Shigenobu; Abo‐Zahhad, Mohammed; Ahmed, Sabah M.

doi:10.1155/2017/2818542

Cited by 132 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Considering the network connectivity problem, communication between each cluster header and all member sensor nodes could jump to send and receive messages with its maximum transmission radius. Moreover, every hopping sensor node contains a GPS unit capable of knowing its current location [25].…”

Section: Basic Assumptions About Hopping Sensors and Relocation Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-Efficient Wireless Hopping Sensor Relocation Based on Prediction of Terrain Conditions

2019

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It is inevitable for data collection that IoT sensors are distributed to interested areas. However, not only the proper placement of sensors, but also the replacement of sensors that have run out of energy is very difficult. As a remedy, wireless charging systems for IoT sensors have been researched recently, but it is apparent that the availability of charging system is limited especially for IoT sensors scattered in rugged terrain. Thus, it is important that the sensor relocation models to recover sensing holes employ energy-efficient scheme. While there are various methods in the mobile model of wireless sensors, well-known wheel-based movements in rough areas are hard to achieve. Thus, research is ongoing in various areas of the hopping mobile model in which wireless sensors jump. Many past studies about hopping sensor relocation assume that all sensor nodes are aware of entire network information throughout the network. These assumptions do not fit well to the actual environment, and they are nothing but classical theoretical research. In addition, the physical environment (sand, mud, etc.) of the area in which the sensor is deployed can change from time to time. In this paper, we overcome the theoretical-based problems of the past researches and propose a new realistic hopping sensor relocation protocol considering terrain conditions. Since the status of obstacles around the sensing hole is unknown, the success rate of the hopping sensor relocation is used to predict the condition of the surrounding environment. Also, we are confident that our team is uniquely implementing OMNeT++ (Objective Modular Network Testbed in C++) simulation in the hopping sensor relocation protocol to reflect the actual communication environment. Simulations have been performed on various obstacles for performance evaluation and analysis, and we are confident that better energy efficiency with later appearance of sensing holes can be achieved compared to well-known relocation protocols.

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Section: Basic Assumptions About Hopping Sensors and Relocation Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-Efficient Wireless Hopping Sensor Relocation Based on Prediction of Terrain Conditions

2019

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“…Moreover, after certain rounds, the selected CH may be unable to perform or perish due to high energy consumption. In order to ensure load balancing among sensor nodes, the role of CH is changed periodically to balance the energy consumption [3,36]. Communication within a cluster is single-hop (intracluster) and between clusters is multihop (intercluster) as shown in Figure 3.…”

Section: Clustering In Wsnmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sensor nodes are scattered over a large geographic area containing hundreds of nodes to monitor a target region. As the sensed data has to be forwarded to BS for further necessary action, therefore routing becomes important for transferring of data from node to node or BS efficiently [1][2][3][4]. The WSN has been acknowledged as one of the significant technologies of the 21st century.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Approaches in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Jan

Farman

Javed

et al. 2017

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

132

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Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are one of the significant technologies due to their diverse applications such as health care monitoring, smart phones, military, disaster management, and other surveillance systems. Sensor nodes are usually deployed in large number that work independently in unattended harsh environments. Due to constraint resources, typically the scarce battery power, these wireless nodes are grouped into clusters for energy efficient communication. In clustering hierarchical schemes have achieved great interest for minimizing energy consumption. Hierarchical schemes are generally categorized as cluster-based and grid-based approaches. In cluster-based approaches, nodes are grouped into clusters, where a resourceful sensor node is nominated as a cluster head (CH) while in grid-based approach the network is divided into confined virtual grids usually performed by the base station. This paper highlights and discusses the design challenges for cluster-based schemes, the important cluster formation parameters, and classification of hierarchical clustering protocols. Moreover, existing cluster-based and grid-based techniques are evaluated by considering certain parameters to help users in selecting appropriate technique. Furthermore, a detailed summary of these protocols is presented with their advantages, disadvantages, and applicability in particular cases.

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“…To illustrate, it was not anticipated that the funeral of South Indian politician, Annadurai, in 1969, would gather fifteen million people. Table 2 shows properties of WSNs/RFID Protocols (WSNs can be IP-based and non-IP) [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Managing Crowds with Wireless and Mobile Technologies

Yamin

Basahel

Sen

2018

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

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Thousands of people have lost their lives in stampedes and other crowd related disasters in recent years. Most of these fatalities seem to have been caused by poor control and management of crowds, which is discussed in this article. An efficient and effective crowd management system must also have a plan to deal with the ongoing threat of terrorism and outbreak of various kinds of communicable diseases. In this article, we present a framework of a Crowd Control and Health Management System specially designed to prevent and manage stampedes and other disasters. The system has two subsystems; one for dealing with the management of stampedes and other disasters and the other with healthcare management. As part of the proposed system, an algorithm for an early detection of stampedes, with proof and simulation of implementation, is provided. As part of the healthcare management subsystem, we integrate several mobile applications and develop four of them dealing with relief issues, blood donations, complaints and alerts, and utilizing mobile phones as a sensor device. Our system makes use of various kinds of wireless, mobile, and other technologies and tools including Fog Computing, Smart Phones, Smart Digital Street, IP-Cameras, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Voice Alarm, Light Alarm, and Global Positioning System (GPS). We compare merits and effectiveness of RFID and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), as well as those of Cloud and Fog with a view of using them as part of the proposed framework. We also discuss applications of our systems in real-life cases of Hajj, an annual pilgrimage of millions of people to Mecca, and Kumbh Mela, a periodic gathering of tens of millions of people in India, both of which have accounted for the majority of fatalities in stampedes and other disasters.

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A Comprehensive Survey on Hierarchical-Based Routing Protocols for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks: Review, Taxonomy, and Future Directions

Cited by 132 publications

References 47 publications

Energy-Efficient Wireless Hopping Sensor Relocation Based on Prediction of Terrain Conditions

Energy-Efficient Wireless Hopping Sensor Relocation Based on Prediction of Terrain Conditions

Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Approaches in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

Managing Crowds with Wireless and Mobile Technologies

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