“…Finally, the leading colluder manipulates all collusive members' bids and decides that he is the final winning bidder by default [6]. Current research on collusive bidding mainly focuses on the collusive reason [12,[20][21][22][23][24], determining factors [12,21,[25][26][27][28], penalty [21,[24][25][26][28][29][30], influence factors [7,20,21,25,26,31,32], governance [21,33,34], collusion forms [25,26,31,[35][36][37], and collusion cost [30,38].…”