A conserved and druggable pocket in class B G protein coupled receptors for orally active small molecule agonists

Abstract

Class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including glucagon-like receptor 1 (GLP-1R) and parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTH1R), are peptide hormone receptors and important drug targets. Injectable peptide drugs targeting class B GPCRs have been developed for the treatment of many diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and osteoporosis, but orally available small molecule drugs are hotly pursued in the field, especially small molecule agonists of GLP-1R and PTH1R. Here we report the first high-resolution structure of the human PTH1R in complex with the stimulatory G protein (Gs) and a small molecule agonist, PCO371, which reveals an unexpected binding mode of PCO371 at the interface of PTH1R and Gs. The binding site of PCO371 is totally different from all binding sites previously reported for small molecules or peptide ligands in GPCRs. Residues that make up the PCO371 binding pocket are mostly conserved in class B GPCRs and a single mutation in PTH type 2 receptor (PTH2R) and two residue mutations in GLP-1R convert these receptors to respond to PCO371 activation. Functional assays reveal that PCO371 is a G-protein biased agonist that is defective in promoting PTH1R-mediated arrestin signaling. Together, these results uncover a distinct binding site for designing small molecule agonists for PTH1R and possible other members of class B GPCRs and define a receptor conformation that is only specific for G protein activation but not arrestin signaling. These insights should facilitate the design of distinct types of class B GPCR small molecule agonists for various therapeutic indications.