A Contextual Intervention Adapted for Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Study With Single-Subject Design

Abstract

Objective The current study aims to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of Contextual Intervention Adapted For Autism Spectrum Disorders (CI-ASD) in occupational performance of developing ASD children and their mothers' self-efficacy. This intervention includes three components of mothers' coaching, children's sensory processing patterns, and social support of mothers. It is presented through group training sessions and individual coaching sessions using reflective questions and discussions for mothers. This intervention helps mothers to find ways to achieve their therapeutic goals. Materials & Methods This is a single-subject pilot study with ABA interrupted time-series design. The study was conducted on three mothers of children with ASD referred to Navid-e-asr rehabilitation center in Tehran, Iran in spring 2017. The participants were selected based on the inclusion criteria (children aged 3-10 years and having at least one sensory processing problem, mothers with a school diploma or higher and having sufficient ability to understand and speak Persian). We conducted the study for 18 weeks in three stages. At the first stage (baseline), the participants received Treatments As Usual (TAU) for 4 weeks. During the intervention (stage 2), besides TAU, the participants received CI-ASD for 10 weeks, including two sessions of group training for one week and 9 sessions of individualized coaching for 9 weeks. At stage 3 (follow-up), the participants received TAU again for 4 weeks. The intervention was performed by occupational therapists with 20 years of experience in the field of pediatric rehabilitation. Measurements were performed at four phases: before stage 1 (pre-test 1), after stage 1 (pre-test 2), after stage 2 (post-test), and after stage 3 (follow-up). We measured the child's occupational performance by the Canadian occupational performance measure and goal attainment scaling questionnaires. The mothers' self-efficacy was measured by the parent self-efficacy measure. We conducted a semi-structured interview after completing the intervention period to explore the acceptability of treatment and participants' experiences. The data are reported in the form of tables, graphs, and visual analysis of different stages of research. Results Two of three mothers showed considerable improvement in terms of children's occupational perfor

Effectiveness of interventions for improving social inclusion outcomes for people with disabilities in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A systematic review

“…which targeted individuals with a single type of impairment, with only one reporting on an intervention for people with a range of impairments (Devries et al, 2018). Twenty studies targeted people with intellectual disabilities (Abazari et al, 2017;Azari et al, 2019;Dai et al, 2018;Devries et al, 2018;Esmaili et al, 2019;Golzari et al, 2015;Juneja et al, 2012;Kalgotra & Warwal, 2017 | 13 of 32…”

“…Country. Studies were conducted in 16 different countries with 12 studies conducted in India (Amaresha et al, 2018;Govindaraj et al, 2018;Juneja et al, 2012;Kalgotra & Warwal, 2017;Karanth et al, 2010;Koo & Thomas, 2019;Lal, 2010;Manohar et al, 2019;Nair et al, 2014;Rahman et al, 2016;Ravindren et al, 2018;Shore & Juillerat, 2012), 6 studies conducted in China (Lee et al, 2019;Li et al, 2018;Li et al, 2019;Liang et al, 2022;Ran et al, 2003;Wang, 2008), 5 studies conducted in Iran (Abazari et al, 2017;Azari et al, 2019;Esmaili et al, 2019;Golzari et al, 2015;Rahmani et al, 2015) and 2 in Turkey (Karaman et al, 2020;Yildiz et al, 2004.…”

“…Nopmaneejumruslers, 2011; Pop et al, 2013;Rahman et al, 2016;Shin et al, 2009;Wang, 2008). Thirteen studies reported on interventions which targeted people with psychosocial/mental impairments (Amaresha et al, 2018;Govindaraj et al, 2018;Hanlon et al, 2020;Karaman et al, 2020;Khalil et al, 2019;Li et al, 2018;Li et al, 2019;Lund et al, 2013;Rahmani et al, 2015;Rami et al, 2018;Ran et al, 2003;Ravindren et al, 2018;Yildiz et al, 2004) and fifteen explicitly targeted urban populations (Azari et al, 2019;Khalil et al, 2019;Lee et al, 2019;Manohar et al, 2019). Four studies explicitly reported targeting rural populations (Hanlon et al, 2020;Lund et al, 2013;McConachie et al, 2000;Ran et al, 2003).…”

Comparison of Priority Occupational Performance of Children with Cerebral Palsy from the Perspective of Children, Parents, and Occupational Therapists in Isfahan in 2021

“…Then, the clients are asked to rate their performance and satisfaction based on a 10-point scale. The test takes about 20-60 minutes (depending on the client) (25).…”

“…The COPM is based on a specific occupational therapy model and includes occupational performance areas, including personal care, productivity, and leisure, as main outcomes. This scale includes the client's roles and role expectations from the moment the client enters occupational therapy and can be used in all developmental stages and all disabilities groups (25). This questionnaire can be completed by parents and occupational therapists or other people who are in contact with clients, which is implemented through a semi-structured interview by occupational therapists (26).…”