A Continued Humanitarian Crisis at the Border: Undocumented Border Crosser Deaths Recorded by the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, 1990-2012

Martínez, Daniel E.; Reineke, Robin; Rubio-Goldsmith, Raquel; Anderson, B. E.; Hess, Gregory L.; Parks, Bruce

doi:10.2139/ssrn.2633209

Cited by 40 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…These statistics are concomitantly reflected in the trends of those who die while attempting to cross. According to Martinez and colleagues’ analysis of over twenty years of death investigation cases of deceased UBCs from the Pima County Medical Examiner's Office (PCOME) in Tucson, Arizona, nearly 83% of those identified cases are Mexican nationals, with the next most prevalent country of origin being Guatemala (7%). There are a number of reasons as to why the rate of Central and South American UBCs is increasing, including the incumbent social, political, and economic conditions in the sending countries .…”

Section: Common Reference Sampling Strategies For Methods Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Assessment of Postcranial Sex Estimation Methods for a Guatemalan Population

Fowler

Hughes

2017

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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This study tests whether postcranial sex estimation methods generated from Hispanic, and mainly Mexican samples, can be successfully applied to other increasingly common migrant populations from Central America. We use a sample of postcranial data from a modern (1980s) Guatemalan Maya sample (n = 219). Results indicate a decrease in classification accuracies for previously established univariate methods when applied to the Guatemalan study sample, specifically for males whose accuracies ranged from 30 to 84%. This bias toward inaccuracies for Guatemalan males is associated with the smaller skeletal sizes for the Guatemalan sample as compared to the samples used in the tested sex estimation methods. In contrast, the tested multivariate discriminant function classification yielded less sex bias and improved classification accuracies ranging from 82 to 89%. Our results highlight which of the tested univariate and multivariate methods reach acceptable levels for accuracy for sex estimation of cases where the region of origin may include Guatemala.

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Section: Common Reference Sampling Strategies For Methods Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Assessment of Postcranial Sex Estimation Methods for a Guatemalan Population

Fowler

Hughes

2017

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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“…Furthermore, researchers with the Binational Migration Institute at the University of Arizona report that migrant mortality rates (as measured by recovered remains per 10 000 apprehensions) have increased nearly ninefold from 1.65 in 2001 to 14.25 in 2012 (Martinez et al . ). The dramatic increase in migrant deaths has compelled the American Civil Liberties Union and Mexico's National Commission of Human Rights to refer to the situation along the US–Mexico border as a ‘humanitarian crisis’ (Jimenez ).…”

Section: The Securitisation and Militarisation Of Bordersmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…And even more significantly, as previously noted, migrant mortality rates have increased nearly ninefold since the early 2000s (Martinez et al . ). While the safety/security nexus suggests that the goals of achieving migrant safety and border security are mutually attainable – border security serving to increase migrant safety – what we see on the ground is that migrant safety is continually undermined by policies that further securitise and militarise the border.…”

Section: The Safety/security Nexus and The Humanitarianisation Of Bormentioning

confidence: 97%

The safety/security nexus and the humanitarianisation of border enforcement

Williams

2014

Geographical Journal

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This article contributes to the existing literature on the securitisation and militarisation of national borders through an examination of the humanitarianisation of contemporary border enforcement efforts. Drawing on discourse and policy analysis and ethnographic fieldwork at the southern border of the United States, I argue that humanitarian discourse and rationality have been integrated into the way in which border enforcement efforts are both framed and justified. I term the resulting discursive configuration the safety/security nexus to draw attention to the way in which migrant safety and border security are seemingly reconciled in official state discourse and policy. I then employ a feminist geopolitical framework to unpack the political and ideological significance of this process. In doing so, I argue that the humanitarianisation of border enforcement has three primary effects: it works to counter the challenges of transnational human rights organisations and constituencies that argue that border enforcement policies violate transnational human rights; it justifies the continued militarisation and securitisation of national borders; and it upholds the territorialised logic of sovereignty and rights upon which state efforts to secure, fortify, and regulate transnational mobility are founded. In turn, this article illustrates that understanding contemporary regimes of border governance necessitates attending to the entangled relationship between militarisation, securitisation, and humanitarianism.

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“…Although the actual number of UBC deaths is not known as many individuals’ remains are never recovered , the number of UBC deaths analyzed in medical examiner's offices across Arizona continues to increase. In Maricopa County, the number of UBC deaths is not nearly as high as in the more southern Pima County; however, the MCOME is currently legally responsible for more than two hundred unidentified individuals, more than half of whom are presumed to be UBCs.…”

Section: Ubcs In Maricopa Countymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Throughout this study, we employ the Binational Migration Institute's 2013 definition of an “Undocumented Border Crosser,” or UBC, which refers to a foreign‐born, non‐U.S. citizen who was actively crossing the border without the permission of the United States government .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Undocumented Border Crosser Deaths in Arizona: Expanding Intrastate Collaborative Efforts in Identification

Fleischman

Kendell

Eggers³

et al. 2017

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Undocumented Border Crosser (UBC) deaths in Arizona are a major issue faced by medicolegal authorities. Currently, the Maricopa County Office of the Medical Examiner (MCOME) is in possession of over two hundred unidentified individuals, more than half of whom are presumed to be UBCs. The primary goal of this study was to address the growing number of UBC deaths in Maricopa County in order to provide a more comprehensive picture of this important anthropological issue within the state of Arizona. Of the 107 total UBC cases evaluated for the study, the majority were male and age estimates for all individuals were between 15 to 60 years old. Modeled after the recording system established by the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, the biographic and geographic data for these cases were entered into a new UBC database at MCOME and later added to the online Map of Migrant Mortality.

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A Continued Humanitarian Crisis at the Border: Undocumented Border Crosser Deaths Recorded by the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, 1990-2012

Cited by 40 publications

References 11 publications

Development and Assessment of Postcranial Sex Estimation Methods for a Guatemalan Population

Development and Assessment of Postcranial Sex Estimation Methods for a Guatemalan Population

The safety/security nexus and the humanitarianisation of border enforcement

Undocumented Border Crosser Deaths in Arizona: Expanding Intrastate Collaborative Efforts in Identification

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