A Critical Race Theory Analysis of Mental Health Disparities Research

Snyder, Cyndy R.; Mohammed, Selina A.

doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01840-x

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The U.S. Census has created racial categories that include White and African American people, allowing the self-identification of individuals in groups that represent their community and cultural background ( Anderson et al, 2004 ). In a segregated society, racial identity has emerged as the sense of collective identity based on a perceived common heritage with a racial group ( Helms, 1995 ), promoting wellbeing and protection against racism in African Americans ( Hughes et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, White American identity is rooted in social and economic privileges ( McDermott and Samson, 2005 ) that establish racial attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and experiences in a racially hierarchical society ( Schooley et al, 2019 ). From this perspective, racial identity is defined and addressed as a social construct from which racial groups are socially created to attach differences between groups ( Anderson et al, 2004 ). In this sense, the descriptive results in our sample related to years of education indicate that participants identified as African American reported less years of education than White participants; moreover, Whites tend to report higher economic income than African Americans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brain morphological variability between whites and African Americans: the importance of racial identity in brain imaging research

Atilano-Barbosa,

Barrios

2023

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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In a segregated society, marked by a historical background of inequalities, there is a consistent under-representation of ethnic and racial minorities in biomedical research, causing disparities in understanding genetic and acquired diseases as well as in the effectiveness of clinical treatments affecting different groups. The repeated inclusion of small and non-representative samples of the population in neuroimaging research has led to generalization bias in the morphological characterization of the human brain. A few brain morphometric studies between Whites and African Americans have reported differences in orbitofrontal volumetry and insula cortical thickness. Nevertheless, these studies are mostly conducted in small samples and populations with cognitive impairment. For this reason, this study aimed to identify brain morphological variability due to racial identity in representative samples. We hypothesized that, in neurotypical young adults, there are differences in brain morphometry between participants with distinct racial identities. We analyzed the Human Connectome Project (HCP) database to test this hypothesis. Brain volumetry, cortical thickness, and cortical surface area measures of participants identified as Whites (n = 338) or African Americans (n = 56) were analyzed. Non-parametrical permutation analysis of covariance between these racial identity groups adjusting for age, sex, education, and economic income was implemented. Results indicated volumetric differences in choroid plexus, supratentorial, white matter, and subcortical brain structures. Moreover, differences in cortical thickness and surface area in frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital brain regions were identified between groups. In this regard, the inclusion of sub-representative minorities in neuroimaging research, such as African American persons, is fundamental for the comprehension of human brain morphometric diversity and to design personalized clinical brain treatments for this population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain morphological variability between whites and African Americans: the importance of racial identity in brain imaging research

Atilano-Barbosa,

Barrios

2023

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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“…Most social scientists that study race and ethnicity theorize and/or document intergroup conflicts and/or disparities. As a result, as a recent review of health disparities research reports, effectively none of the studies provided definitions for race or ethnicity (Snyder and Mohammed 2023). 5 Given dual paradigms, social scientists generally distinguish between racial and ethnic ontologies.…”

Section: The Dual Paradigm Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward an Ethnoracial Ontology for the Study of Race and Ethnicity: The Case of African Americans and Black Immigrants in the United States

Ifatunji

2024

Sociology of Race and Ethnicity

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One of the central issues in the study of race and ethnicity is ontology. That is, after decades of scientific inquiry, we continue to debate definitions for race and ethnicity. Broadly speaking, the questions that frame this debate are: what is race, what is ethnicity, are they the same, or are they different? As this debate continues, many are using an amalgamated term— ethnoracial. However, there is yet no formal definition or ontology for this term. Indeed, most seem to use it to avoid getting entangled in the often contentious and still ongoing debate on ontologies for race and ethnicity. That is, most seem to use this term to avoid questions and concerns associated with the underlying ‘nature’ of these group formations and, instead, seek to focus the readers’ attention on their descriptions of and explanations for the associated intergroup identities, conflicts and disparities. Within this context, and given certain anomalies I have come across in my studies of the relative positioning of African Americans and Black immigrants in the United States, I am calling for the formal development of a new ontology for the study of race and ethnicity. The crux of my argument is that, since processes of racialization and/or ethnogenesis emerge in the wake of human migrations—to include international migration, internal migration, colonialism, and slavery—they yield a single underlying ontology— ethnoraciality.

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“…These racial stratifications could be illustrated further with Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Intersectionality Theory. CRT provides the theoretical orientation that underscores racial mental health disparities ( 11 , 12 ). This helps to understand the systemic process of conceptualising race as a socially construed category.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This helps to understand the systemic process of conceptualising race as a socially construed category. CRT helped not only to understand racial disparities in the mental health of the African/Caribbean population but also instrumental in promoting health equity ( 12 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postnatal depression in British mothers of African and Caribbean origin: a randomised controlled trial of learning through play plus culturally adapted cognitive behaviour therapy compared with psychoeducation

Jidong,

Ike,

Murshed

et al. 2024

Front. Psychiatry

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BackgroundOne in every three women worldwide experiences postnatal depression after childbirth, with long-term negative consequences on their children. The mainstream mental healthcare provision for British mothers of African/Caribbean origin is mostly unsuccessful due to a lack of culturally appropriate care.MethodsThe study adopts a mixed-methods randomised controlled trial (RCT) design. A 12-session (60 minutes each) of online Learning Through Play plus Culturally adapted Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (LTP+CaCBT) intervention was employed for treating postnatal depression in comparison with psychoeducation (PE). Participants aged 19–53 were screened for depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). N=130 participants who scored >5 on PHQ-9 were randomised into LTP+CaCBT (n=65) or PE (n=65) groups. N=12 focus groups (LTP+CaCBT, n=6; PE, n=6) and n=15 individual interviews (LTP+CaCBT, n=8; PE, n=7) were conducted, transcribed verbatim and analysed.ResultsSatisfaction with intervention (LTP+CaCBT, 72.9%; PE, 65.2%); retention rates (LTP+CaCBT, 91%; PE, 71%); reduction in postnatal depression was higher in LTP+CaCBT on PHQ-9 Md=1.00 with z= -4.046; compared to PE, Md=1.00 with z= -1.504. Both groups showed reduced levels of anxiety on GAD-7 with no significant difference. Emerging themes from the qualitative findings showed increased positive moods, reduced worries about parenting difficulties and the facilitative role of remote intervention.ConclusionsLTP+CaCBT intervention is culturally appropriate and acceptable and reduces postnatal depression in British mothers of African/Caribbean origin. A fully powered RCT is recommended to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of LTP+CaCBT, including the child’s outcomes compared with routine treatment as usual.Clinical trial registrationwww.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04820920.

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A Critical Race Theory Analysis of Mental Health Disparities Research

Cited by 3 publications

References 40 publications

Brain morphological variability between whites and African Americans: the importance of racial identity in brain imaging research

Brain morphological variability between whites and African Americans: the importance of racial identity in brain imaging research

Toward an Ethnoracial Ontology for the Study of Race and Ethnicity: The Case of African Americans and Black Immigrants in the United States

Postnatal depression in British mothers of African and Caribbean origin: a randomised controlled trial of learning through play plus culturally adapted cognitive behaviour therapy compared with psychoeducation

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