A critical review on equations employed for the calculation of the evaporation rate from free water surfaces

Sartori, Ernani

doi:10.1016/s0038-092x(99)00054-7

Cited by 169 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…If the heat transfer processes by evaporation, convection and conduction are not taken into account, the energy balance does not match. The heat released per square meter only by evaporation corresponds to about 60% of the total heat transfer released, which obviously cannot be neglected, and is also much greater than the corresponding radiation transfer from the surface to the cover or to the atmosphere [8,9]. Moreover, besides the latent heat addition, the evaporation adds water mass to the greenhouse and thus alters the mass balance, which on its turn alters the heat balance of the system.…”

Section: The Thermal Behaviors Of Equivalent Systems Built On Earthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As known from basic laws, the evaporation per square meter and unit of time increases with the wind velocity and water temperature increase, and decreases with the air temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure increase. Figure 10 from E. Sartori [8] correlates all these factors and the Sartori equation 1 [8,9,[16][17][18][19][20][21] contains all these properties, and any combinations among these variables can be obtained correctly with it (very accurate and more accurate than at least 30 others, including those from [22]-see Appendix):…”

Section: Real Data Confirm the Physical Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Physical Principles Elucidate Numerous Atmospheric Behaviors and Human-Induced Climatic Consequences

Sartori¹

2012

OJAppS

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The principles that govern the operation of an open and a closed evaporator are relevant for the understanding of the open and "closed" Earth's atmospheric behaviors, and are thus described. In these greenhouses, the water is included, otherwise the heat and mass balances do not match. It is incorrect to consider the radiation as the only energy transfer factor for an atmospheric warming. Demonstrations show that when the greenhouse effect and the cloud cover increase, the evaporation and the wind naturally decrease. Researchers did not understand why reductions in surface solar radiation and pan evaporation have been simultaneous with increased air temperature, cloudiness and precipitation for the last decades. It is an error to state that the evaporation increases based solely on the water and/or air temperatures increase. Also, researchers did not comprehend why in the last 50 years the clouds and the precipitation increased while the evaporation decreased and they named such understanding as the "evaporation paradox", while others "found" "the cause" violating the laws of thermodynamics, but more precipitation is naturally conciliatory with less evaporation. The same principle that increases the formation of clouds may cause less rainfall. Several measurements confirm the working principles of greenhouses described in this paper. The hydrological cycle is analyzed and it was also put in form of equation, which analyses have never been done before. The human influence alters the velocity of the natural cycles as well as the atmospheric heat and mass balances, and the evaporation has not been the only source for the cloud formation. It is demonstrated that the Earth's greenhouse effect has increased in some places and this proof is not based only on temperatures.

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Section: The Thermal Behaviors Of Equivalent Systems Built On Earthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Real Data Confirm the Physical Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Physical Principles Elucidate Numerous Atmospheric Behaviors and Human-Induced Climatic Consequences

Sartori¹

2012

OJAppS

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“…In 1801, in a lecture to the Manchester Society, Dalton (who also determined the law of partial pressures) stated that evaporation is proportional to the difference in vapor pressure at the surface of the water and in the air and that the velocity of the wind affects this proportionality. Subsequently, numerous researchers started to investigate evaporation based on Dalton's description with the formula (Singh 1988;Singh and Xu 1997;Sartori 2000):…”

Section: Wind Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical overview of pan evaporation trends over the last 50 years

Charles

2009

Climatic Change

122

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Despite the observed increases in global average temperature, observations across the world show that the rate of pan evaporation at a regional scale has been steadily decreasing over the past 50 years. This is known as the pan evaporation paradox. This paper reviews current reported pan evaporation trends, examines available theoretical explanations about this "paradox", and discusses current research gaps and priorities. It concludes that: (1) three major potential causes of pan evaporation, solar radiation, vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and wind speed, have been changing in the last 50 years. The magnitude of changes and importance of each of these three causes varies from region to region, as does the pan evaporation trend, although overall there is a decreasing trend. (2) Currently two existing theories explaining the pan evaporation trends have limits and are only valid in some specific regions and seasons. Neither of them provides a fundamental physical-based theory that could be applied everywhere. (3) Further investigations are needed before we can fully understand the global evapotranspiration trend in global warming scenarios.

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“…Smaller water bodies surrounded by land experience different wind and wave conditions than the open waters of Florida Bay. To more accurately estimate evaporation over Florida Bay, the following equation developed by Sartori (2000) was used:…”

Section: Price Et Al Page 8 Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation and uncertainty in evaporation from a subtropical estuary: Florida Bay

Price

Nuttle²,

Cosby

et al. 2007

Estuaries and Coasts: J ERF

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Variation and uncertainty in estimated evaporation was determined over time and between two locations in Florida Bay, a subtropical estuary. Meteorological data was collected from September 2001 to August 2002 at Rabbit Key and Butternut Key within the bay.Evaporation was estimated using both vapor-flux and energy-budget based methods. The results were then placed into a long-term temporal context using 33 years of temperature and rainfall data collected in south Florida. Evaporation also was estimated from this long-term data using an empirical formula relating evaporation to clear sky solar radiation and air temperature.Evaporation estimates for the 12 month period ranged from 144 to 175 cm yr -1 , depending on location and method, with an average of 163 cm yr -1 ("9%). Monthly values ranged from 9.2 cm to 18.5 cm, with the highest value observed in May, corresponding with the maximum in measured net radiation. Uncertainty estimates derived from measurement errors in the data were as much as 10%, and were large enough to obscure differences in evaporation between the two sites. Differences among all estimates for any month indicate the overall uncertainty in monthly evaporation, and ranged from 9% to 26%. Over a 33-year period (1970 -2002), estimated annual evaporation from Florida Bay ranged from 148 to 181 cm yr -1 , with an average of 166 cm yr -1 . Rainfall was consistently lower in Florida Bay than evaporation, with a long-term average of 106 cm yr -1 Rainfall considered alone was uncorrelated with evaporation at both monthly and annual time scales; however, when the seasonal variation in clear sky radiation also was taken into account both net radiation and evaporation were significantly suppressed in months with high rainfall.

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A critical review on equations employed for the calculation of the evaporation rate from free water surfaces

Cited by 169 publications

References 36 publications

The Physical Principles Elucidate Numerous Atmospheric Behaviors and Human-Induced Climatic Consequences

The Physical Principles Elucidate Numerous Atmospheric Behaviors and Human-Induced Climatic Consequences

A critical overview of pan evaporation trends over the last 50 years

Variation and uncertainty in evaporation from a subtropical estuary: Florida Bay

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