A cross-sectional study on sarcopenia using different methods: reference values for healthy Saudi young men

Abstract

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine reference values for sarcopenia indices using different methods in healthy Saudi young men.MethodsParticipants included 232 Saudi men aged between 20 and 35 years. The study measured anthropometric indices, blood pressure, hand grip strength, and lean muscle mass using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was performed using Inbody 770 and Tanita 980 devices.ResultsUsing DXA, the mean value of appendicular lean mass divided by the height squared (ALM/ht2) was found to be 8.97 ± 1.23 kg/m2; hand grip strength measured 42.8 ± 7.6 kg. While the differences between DXA and BIA (Tanita) were significant for all parameters, the differences between DXA and Inbody values were significant only for ALM parameters. Inbody sensitivity and specificity values were 73% and 95.9%, respectively. The kappa (P = 0.80) and p values (P < 0.001) showed good agreement between Inbody and DXA, whereas Tanita sensitivity and specificity values were 54.2% and 98.3%, respectively. Bland-Altman plots for differences in lean mass values between Tanita, Inbody, and DXA methods showed very high bias for Tanita and DXA, with significant differences (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe cut-off values for sarcopenia indices for Saudi young men are different from those of other ethnicities. The use of tailored cut-off reference values instead of a general cut-off for BIA devices is recommended.

Comparison between Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Bioelectrical Impedance Analyses for Accuracy in Measuring Whole Body Muscle Mass and Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass

“…More recently, there have been several studies investigating sarcopenia with BIA methods [ 26 , 34 , 35 ]. A study on 756 Japanese individuals aged 18–86 years attempted to generate the equations for ASMM using the traditional impedance index and an impedance ratio obtained from a BIA machine (MC-780A-N, TANITA, Tokyo, Japan) [ 34 ].…”

“…However, the correlation coefficients between ASMM values measured by DXA and those measured by BIA were unacceptable: 0.7 in men and 0.67 in women. Another study [ 35 ] showed that the accuracy of values from two advanced BIA machines differed: for the measurement of lean mass, there was 0.4 kg difference between DXA and an Inbody770 machine, but there was around a 5.5 kg difference between DXA and a TANIA980MA machine (TANITA). Another study on a Chinese population also found that the correlations between ASMM values obtained using the InBody720 (InBody, Seoul, Korea) BIA machine (which uses the same hardware as the InBody770) and those by DXA were high: the Pearson correlation coefficient and standard error of the estimate of the regression equation were 0.94 and 1.05 kg in men, and 0.90 and 0.93 kg in women, respectively [ 26 ].…”

<p>Sarcopenia Coexisting with High Adiposity Exacerbates Insulin Resistance and Dyslipidemia in Saudi Adult Men</p>

“…Sarcopenia was defined as 2 SD below the average of ALM/ht 2 for specific young population, but it was calculated in the present study as 1 SD below the mean of ALM/ht2. 11 Dominant HGS was measured using a manual spring dynamometer (Baseline® Smedley Spring Dynamometers, Fabrication enterprises Inc., NY, USA), the handle was adjusted to comfortable hand grip size of the participant, and participants were asked to squeeze the handle with maximal force while standing and the elbow fully extended, with consistent encouragements for all participants, and the best of two measures was recorded in kg. Participants with −1 (ALM/Ht 2 8.28) and −2 (ALM/Ht 2 7.46) standard deviations below the sex-specific mean for Saudi young adults were considered to have sarcopenia class I and class II, respectively.…”

Comparison of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry for Total and Segmental Bone Mineral Content with a Three-Compartment Model

“…Subsequent validation studies on BIA 8MF using tracer dilution as the reference method have suggested that BIA at a frequency of 500 kHz provides the best prediction of total body water [28,29], and a frequency of 5 kHz provides the best prediction for extracellular fluid [28]. Validation studies on LBM [27,30], FM, BF% [31], and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) [32] for BIA 8MF have also been performed.…”