“…Several nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques including ultrasonic testing (UT) [25,26], acoustic emission (AE) [14,25,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39], digital image correlation (DIC) [14,29,38,[40][41][42], and infrared thermography (IRT) [25,28,38], have been used to gain information on the state of materials subjected to monotonic or cyclic loading. Each technique provides its own advantages and disadvantages in the information it can obtain, while in general all techniques could be used to inform models for prediction of fracture at the component and structural levels [25,29,31,33,39].…”