A Dialect Study of American R’s by X-Ray Motion Picture

Delattre, Pierre; Freeman, Donald C.

doi:10.1515/ling.1968.6.44.29

Cited by 218 publications

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“…Furthermore, the same speaker will often use very different articulator configurations to produce /r/ in different contexts (Delattre and Freeman, 1968; Espy-Wilson and Boyce, 1994; Hagiwara, 1994, 1995; Narayanan, Alwan, and Haker, 1995; Ong and Stone, 1997; Westbury, Hashi, and Lindstrom, 1995). Figure 11 shows two such configurations for /r/, known generally as "bunched" and "retroflexed".…”

Section: The Only Invariant Target For American English /R/ Appears Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From this example, it is clear that phonetic context plays a major role in determining which variant of lr/ is used. Although the bunched and retroflexed variants are the most commonly reported, other investigators have suggested that more than two types are used, including Hagiwara (1994Hagiwara ( , 1995, who posits three variants, and Delattre and Freeman (1968) and Westbury eta!. (1995), who suggest that a continuum of variants exist between extreme bunched and extreme retroflexed.…”

Section: The Only Invariant Target For American English /R/ Appears Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1\vo of the articulator configurations commonly seen during production of American English /r/ (after Delattre and Freeman, 1968 ning of movements toward these targets in an acoustic or auditory perceptual frame, and (2) the use of a directional mapping between the planning frame and the articulator frame to carry out the planned formant trajectories.…”

Section: February II 1997mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This explanation provides a rationale for why some speakers use only one configuration while others use two or more. When looking across a range of speakers, one would expect an approximate continuum of /r/ articulations as suggested by the comprehensive study of Delattre and Freeman (1968) due to the approximate continuum of vocal tract shapes across speakers. The answers to these questions provided here, along with the effects of incorporating more realistic, speaker-specific vocal tract models into the DIVA framework, are being investigated in ongoing research.…”

Section: Sncech Reference Framesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, this has led to several different answers to the question of just how many classes of /r/ there are. Delattre and Freeman (1968) break /r/ productions into eight different classes while suggesting a sort of continuum of /r/ productions, Espy-Wilson and Boyce (1994) and Ong and Stone (1997) interpret their data in terms of two variants of /r/, whereas Hagiwara (1994) suggests that three variants of /r/ exist. In the current paper, however, we show how /r/ variability can be explained much more simply if it is assumed that the reference frame for speech movement planning is auditory; i.e., the only invariant target of the production process for /r/ is an auditory target, not a vocal tract shape target.…”

Section: Introduction: Reference Frames and The Targets Of Speech Promentioning

confidence: 99%

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A theoretical investigation of reference frames for the planning of speech movements.

Guenther

Hampson²,

Johnson³

1998

Psychological Review

354

303

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Does the speech motor control system utilize invariant vocal tract shape targets of any kind when producing phonemes? We present a four-part theoretical treatment favoring models whose only invariant targets are auditory perceptual targets over models that posit invariant constriction targets. When combined with earlier theoretical and experimental results (Guenther, 1995a,b; Perkell eta!., 1993; Savariaux et a!., 1995a,b), our hypothesis is that, for vowels and semi-vowels at least, the only invariant targets of the speech production process are multidimensional regions in auditory perceptual space. These auditory perceptual target regions are hypothesized to arise during development as an emergent property of neural map formation in the auditory system (Guenther and Gjaja, 1996), as evidenced by the perceptual magnet effect. Furthermore, speech movements are planned as trajectories in auditory perceptual space. These trajectories are then mapped into articulator movements through a neural mapping that allows motor equivalent variability in constriction locations and degrees when needed, but maintains approximate constriction invariance for a given sound in most instances. These hypotheses are illustrated and substantiated using computer simulations of the DIVA model of speech acquisition and production. Finally, we pose several difficult challenges to proponents of constriction theories based on this theoretical treatment. Speech reference frames

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Section: The Only Invariant Target For American English /R/ Appears Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Only Invariant Target For American English /R/ Appears Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: February II 1997mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sncech Reference Framesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction: Reference Frames and The Targets Of Speech Promentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A theoretical investigation of reference frames for the planning of speech movements.

Guenther

Hampson²,

Johnson³

1998

Psychological Review

354

303

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Speech Production and Perception

Fowler

2003

Handbook of Psychology

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One way to investigate speech motor learning is to create artificial adaptation situations by perturbing speakers' auditory feedback in real time. Formant perturbations were introduced by Houde and Jordan (1998), providing the first evidence that speakers adapt their pronunciation to compensate for these perturbations. Twenty years later, this chapter provides an overview of the general impact of Houde and Jordan's work in speech research and beyond, as well as a more detailed review of studies that involve formant perturbations. The impact of Houde and Jordan's work appears to be cross-disciplinary. Although mainly related to speech production and perception, it has also been cited in the limb movement and even animal research, mainly as evidence of adaptive sensorimotor control. Formant perturbations research has expanded rapidly since 2006, spreading across the world and many research teams. We identified 77 experimental studies focused on formant perturbations which we then analyzed with regard to technical and theoretical issues. This analysis showed that various apparatuses and procedures were used to address important topics of speech research. A primary interest has been in feedback and feedforward control mechanisms in speech. These mechanisms were addressed in different populations, including adults and children with typical vs. atypical development, with behavioral or neurophysiological approaches, or both. Some formant perturbations studies more specifically focused on the integration of auditory and somatosensory feedback in speech production, while others explored the interaction between speech production and perception of phonemic contrasts. Some research questioned the processes and the nature of speech representations by investigating generalization of adaptation to formant perturbations. Finally, a few studies were interested in the effect of extraneous variables such as surface effects or speakers' general cognitive abilities. Altogether, these studies provide insights into speech motor control in general and into the understanding of sensorimotor interactions in particular. The field has developed recently and may still expand in the future, as it allows us to address fundamental topics in speech research such as perception-production links or abstract vs. exemplar representations. Future Caudrelier and Rochet-Capellan research with formant perturbations may also further connect sensorimotor adaptation to linguistic and cognitive factors and in particular to working and long-term memory.

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Intermittently tagged real‐time MRI reveals internal tongue motion during speech production

Chen

Byrd

Narayanan

et al. 2019

Magnetic Resonance in Med

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Purpose To demonstrate a tagging method compatible with RT‐MRI for the study of speech production. Methods Tagging is applied as a brief interruption to a continuous real‐time spiral acquisition. Tagging can be initiated manually by the operator, cued to the speech stimulus, or be automatically applied with a fixed frequency. We use a standard 2D 1‐3‐3‐1 binomial SPAtial Modulation of Magnetization (SPAMM) sequence with 1 cm spacing in both in‐plane directions. Tag persistence in tongue muscle is simulated and validated in vivo. The ability to capture internal tongue deformations is tested during speech production of American English diphthongs in native speakers. Results We achieved an imaging window of 650‐800 ms at 1.5T, with imaging signal to noise ratio ≥ 17 and tag contrast to noise ratio ≥ 5 in human tongue, providing 36 frames/s temporal resolution and 2 mm in‐plane spatial resolution with real‐time interactive acquisition and view‐sharing reconstruction. The proposed method was able to capture tongue motion patterns and their relative timing with adequate spatiotemporal resolution during the production of American English diphthongs and consonants. Conclusion Intermittent tagging during real‐time MRI of speech production is able to reveal the internal deformations of the tongue. This capability will allow new investigations of valuable spatiotemporal information on the biomechanics of the lingual subsystems during speech without reliance on binning speech utterance repetition.

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A Dialect Study of American R’s by X-Ray Motion Picture

Cited by 218 publications

References 0 publications

A theoretical investigation of reference frames for the planning of speech movements.

A theoretical investigation of reference frames for the planning of speech movements.

Speech Production and Perception

Intermittently tagged real‐time MRI reveals internal tongue motion during speech production

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